Vuex

发布时间 2023-04-27 10:21:51作者: huxiaofeng

vuex

Vuex 是一个专为 Vue.js 应用程序开发的状态管理模式。它采用集中式存储管理应用的所有组件的状态,并以相应的规则保证状态以一种可预测的方式发生变化。

说人话:将组件中需要共享的数据交给vuex来帮我们进行管理,例如:用户登录状态、加入购物车。

1. 案例:登录

vue create vxdemo
npm install vue-router@3
npm install vuex@3
  • main.js

        import Vue from 'vue'
        import App from './App.vue'
        import router from "./router"
        import store from "./store"
    
    Vue.config.productionTip = false
    
    new Vue({
        router: router,
        store: store,
        render: h => h(App),
    }).$mount('#app')
    
  • App.vue

    <template>
        <div id="app">
            <div class="menu">
                <div class="container">
                    <router-link to="/home">首页</router-link>
                    <router-link to="/course">课程</router-link>
    
                    <div style="float: right">
                        <a v-if="this.$store.state.isLogin">
                            {{this.$store.state.userInfo.username}}
                        </a>
                        <router-link v-else to="/login">登录</router-link>
    
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="container">
                <router-view></router-view>
            </div>
        </div>
    </template>
    <script>
        export default {
            name: 'App',
            data() {
                return {}
            },
            components: {},
        }
    </script>
    
    <style>
        body {
            margin: 0;
        }
        .container {
            width: 1100px;
            margin: 0 auto;
        }
        .menu {
            height: 48px;
            background-color: #499ef3;
            line-height: 48px;
    
        }
        .menu a {
            color: white;
            text-decoration: none;
            padding: 0 10px;
        }
    </style>
    
  • store/index.js

    import Vue from 'vue'
    import Vuex from 'vuex'
    
    Vue.use(Vuex)
    
    
    export default new Vuex.Store({
        state: {
            isLogin: false, //是否登录
            userInfo: null //用户信息
        },
        mutations: {
            login: function (state, info) {
                state.userInfo = info;
                state.isLogin = true;
            },
    
        },
        actions: {}
    })
    
    
  • router/index.js

    // router/index.js
    
    import Vue from 'vue'
    import VueRouter from 'vue-router'
    
    
    import Home from '../components/Home'
    import Course from '../components/Course'
    import Login from '../components/Login'
    
    
    Vue.use(VueRouter)
    
    const router = new VueRouter({
        routes: [
            {
                path: '/home',
                name: "Home",
                component: Home
            },
            {
                path: '/course',
                name: "Course",
                component: Course
            },
            {
                path: '/login',
                name: "Login",
                component: Login
            },
        ]
    })
    
    export default router
    
  • components/Login.vue

    <template>
        <div>
            <input type="text" v-model="info.username" placeholder="用户名">
            <input type="password" v-model="info.password" placeholder="密码">
            <input type="button" value="登录" @click="doLogin"/>
        </div>
    </template>
    
    <script>
        export default {
            name: "Login",
            data() {
                return {
                    info: {
                        username: "",
                        password: ""
                    }
                }
            },
            methods: {
                doLogin: function () {
                    // 1.用户登录
                    this.$store.commit('login', this.info);
                    // 2.登录成功修改状态
                    this.$router.push({name: 'Home'});
                }
            }
        }
    </script>
    
    <style scoped>
    
    </style>
    

2. 关于computed属性

在vue的组件中有一个computed属性(计算属性),监听关联的数据,如果发生变化则重新计算并显示。

<template>
    <div>
        <h1>主页 {{v1}} {{ v2}}</h1>
        
        <div>总数:{{totalData}}</div>
        <input type="button" value="点我" @click="addData"/>
    </div>
</template>

<script>
    export default {
        name: "Home",
        data() {
            return {
                v1: 123,
                v2: 456
            }
        },
        computed: {
            totalData: {
                get() {  // 只读
                    let data = this.v1 + this.v2;
                    return data + 1000;
                },
                set(value) {  // 设置值
                    this.v1 = value;
                }
            }
        },
        methods: {
            addData() {
                this.totalData = 999;
                // this.v2 = 1000;
            }
        }
    }
</script>

<style scoped>

</style>

所以,上述案例也可以用computed属性来实现,例如:App.vue改成:

<template>
    <div id="app">
        <div class="menu">
            <div class="container">
                <router-link to="/home">首页</router-link>
                <router-link to="/course">课程</router-link>

                <div style="float: right">
                    <a v-if="userState">
                        {{userName}}
                    </a>
                    <router-link v-else to="/login">登录</router-link>

                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="container">
            <router-view></router-view>
        </div>
    </div>
</template>

<script>

    export default {
        name: 'App',
        data() {
            return {}
        },
        computed: {
            userState: {
                get() {
                    return this.$store.state.isLogin;
                }
            },
            // 也可以这样简写
            userName() {
                return this.$store.state.userInfo.username;
            },

        },
        components: {},
    }
</script>

<style>
    body {
        margin: 0;
    }

    .container {
        width: 1100px;
        margin: 0 auto;
    }

    .menu {
        height: 48px;
        background-color: #499ef3;
        line-height: 48px;

    }

    .menu a {
        color: white;
        text-decoration: none;
        padding: 0 10px;
    }


</style>

6.3 案例:添加购物车

基于刚才的案例额外添加购物车功能

  • Car.vue组件
<template>
    <span>购物车的数量: {{counter}}</span>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  // eslint-disable-next-line vue/multi-word-component-names
  name: "Car",
  computed: {
    counter(){  // 绑定着store的变量
        return this.$store.state.Car;
      }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>

</style>
  • Course.Vue组件
<template>
  <div>
    <h2>课程</h2>
    <input type="button" value="添加购物车" @click="Buy">
  </div>

</template>

<script>
export default {
  // eslint-disable-next-line vue/multi-word-component-names
  name: "Course",
  methods: {
    Buy: function (){
      this.$store.commit("buy")
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>

</style>
  • Store/index.js
import vue from 'vue'
import vuex from 'vuex'


vue.use(vuex)

export default new vuex.Store({  // 处理共享的数据, 中间商交互
    state: {
        isLogin: false,
        UserInfo: null,
        Car: 0,  // 购物车数量
    },
    mutations: {  // 调用 this.$store.commit('login', this.info) -> (函数名, info)
        login: function (state, info) {
            // 将用户信息保存
            state.UserInfo = info;
            // 修改登录状态
            state.isLogin = true;
        },
        buy: function (state){
            // 购物车数量+1
            state.Car += 1;
        }
    },
    actions: {  // 如果存在一步请求要先到action提交commit -> 保持数据在异步过程中不会发生变化

    }
})

6.4 关于Action

Action 类似于 mutation,不同在于:

  • Action 提交的是 mutation,而不是直接变更状态。
  • Action 可以包含任意异步操作。

代码示例:

const store = createStore({
  state: {
    count: 0
  },
  mutations: {
    increment (state) {
      state.count+=1;
    }
  },
  actions: {
    increment (context) {
        // 触发mutations
      	context.commit('increment')
    }
  }
})

在组件中如果要触发,则应该执行:

this.$store.dispatch('increment')

这就有点像脱裤子放屁,意义何在呢? 当有异步操作时,应该使用action、而不是mutation,例如:

import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuex from 'vuex'

Vue.use(Vuex)


export default new Vuex.Store({
    state: {
        isLogin: false, //是否登录
        userInfo: null, //用户信息
        carNumber: 0,
        xxxxx: 10
    },
    mutations: {
        login: function (state, info) {
            state.userInfo = info;
            state.isLogin = true;
        },
        addCar: function (state) {
            state.carNumber += 1;
        },
        fetchAsync: function (state) {
            // ajax
            setTimeout(function () {
                state.xxxxx += 1;
            }, 1000);
        }

    },
    actions: {}
})

this.$store.commit("fetchAsync");

从效果上看是没有问题的,但是通过开发者工具就会发现,监测到的state的数据不准确。

所以,这种情况可以选择用Action。

import Vue from 'vue'
import Vuex from 'vuex'

Vue.use(Vuex)


export default new Vuex.Store({
    state: {
        isLogin: false, //是否登录
        userInfo: null, //用户信息
        carNumber: 0,
        xxxxx: 10
    },
    mutations: {
        login: function (state, info) {
            state.userInfo = info;
            state.isLogin = true;
        },
        addCar: function (state) {
            state.carNumber += 1;
        },
        fetchAsync: function (state,data) {
            state.xxxxx += 1;
            console.log(data);
        }

    },
    actions: {
        fetchAsync: function (context,data) {
            setTimeout(function () {
                context.commit("fetchAsync",data);
            }, 1000);
        }
    }
})

再触发时,调用:

this.$store.dispatch('fetchAsync',{ amount: 10})