图形验证码、邮件、富文本、文件上传和站点管理

⼀、图形验证码

1 安装django-simple-captcha库

在网站开发的登录页面中，经常会需要使用到图形验证码来验证。在 Django中，django-simple-captcha库包提供了图形验证码的使用。

$ pip install django-simple-captcha
# 如果安装有依赖库问题，请执⾏下⾯的安装
apt-get -y install libz-dev libjpeg-dev libfreetype6-dev python-dev

2 设置

图1. 安装应用

图2. 设置验证码样式

图3. 设置路由

最后要迁移数据库：

python manage.py migrate

3 建立表单

# forms.py
from django import forms
from captcha.fields import CaptchaField
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
     username = forms.CharField(max_length=20,min_length=3)
     password = forms.CharField(max_length=128,widget=forms.PasswordInput())
     captcha = CaptchaField() # 验证码字段

4 实现

# 应⽤的urls.py
urlpatterns = [
.....
 path('yzm/',views.user_login,name='yzm'),
]

# 前端⻚⾯
<html lang="en">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>{{ msg }}</div>
<form action="{% url 'App03:yzm' %}" method="post">
 {% csrf_token %}
⽤户：{{ form.username }} <span>{{ form.username.errors.0 }}</span> <br> 
密码：{{ form.password }} <span>{{ form.password.errors.0 }}</span><br> 
验证码：{{ form.captcha }} <span>{{ form.captcha.errors.0 }}</span><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
<script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/1.12.3/jquery.min.js">
</script>
<script>
 //点击刷新验证码
$(function () {
 	$('.captcha').css({'cursor': 'pointer'});
 	// ajax刷新
 	$('.captcha').click(function () {
 		console.log('click');
 		$.get("/app3/refresh/",
 			function (result) {
 				$('.captcha').attr('src', result['image_url']);
 				$('#id_captcha_0').val(result['key'])
 			}
 	   	);
 	});
})
</script>

# views.py
import json
from captcha.helpers import captcha_image_url
from captcha.models import CaptchaStore
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate
import django.contrib.auth as auth
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.http import HttpResponse, JsonResponse
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
def user_login(request):
 	if request.method == "POST":
 		form = LoginForm(request.POST)
 		if form.is_valid():
			username = form.cleaned_data.get('username')
 	    	password = form.cleaned_data.get('password')
 	    	user = authenticate(request,username=username,password=password)
 	   if user:
 	       auth.login(request,user)
 	       return redirect(reverse("App03:home"))
 	else:
		form = LoginForm()
 	    # 跳转登录⻚⾯
 	    return render(request,'App03/login.html',context={'form':form})

⼆、发送邮件

1.setting配置

# smtp服务的邮箱服务器
EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.163.com'
# smtp服务固定的端⼝是25
EMAIL_PORT = 25
#发送邮件的邮箱
EMAIL_HOST_USER = 'landmark_cheng@163.com'
#在邮箱中设置的客户端授权密码
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = 'q123456'
#收件⼈看到的发件⼈ <此处要和发送邮件的邮箱相同>
EMAIL_FROM = 'python<landmark_cheng@163.com>'

2.发送邮件

#⼀封邮件
from django.core.mail import send_mail
from django.conf import settings
def sendone(request):
     send_mail('标题', '内容', settings.EMAIL_FROM, ['313728420@qq.com'])
     return HttpResponse("发⼀封邮件")
 
# 发多封邮件
def sendmany(request):
     message1 = ('Subject here', '<b>Here is the message</b>', settings.EMAIL_FROM, ['313728420@qq.com'])
     message2 = ('Subject here', '<b>Here is the message</b>', settings.EMAIL_FROM, ['313728420@qq.com'])
     send_mass_mail((message1,message2), fail_silently=False)
     return HttpResponse('发送多封邮件')
#渲染模板进⾏邮件发送
def send_mail(request):
    subject, from_email, to = 'html', settings.EMAIL_FROM, '313728420@qq.com'
    html_content = loader.get_template('active.html').render({'username': '⼩花猫'})
    msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, from_email=from_email, to=[to])
    msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")
    msg.send()
    return HttpResponse('发送html的⽂件内容')

三、富文本编辑器

一般用于写文章编辑內容自带样式

安装：pip install django-tinymce
配置

(1) 配置settings文件

在INSTALL_APPS 添加如下代码

INSTALLED_APPS = [ 
    ...
     'App',
     'tinymce',
]

在settings.py下添加如下代码

#富⽂本编辑器的配置
TINYMCE_DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
     'theme':'advanced',
     'width':600,
     'height':400
}

(2) 添加视图函数

def index(req):
 	if req.method == 'GET':
 		return render(req,'index.html')
 	if req.method == 'POST':
 		# print(req.POST)
 		Posts(title=req.POST.get('title'),content=req.POST.get('content')).save()
 		return HttpResponse('index')

(3) 前台模板的展示

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <title>Title</title>
 <script src="/static/tiny_mce/tiny_mce.js"></script>
 <script>
 tinyMCE.init({
 	'mode':'textareas',
 	'width':800,
 	'height':600,
 })
 </script>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/" method="POST">
 {% csrf_token %}
 <p>标题 <input type="text" name="title" placeholder="请输⼊标题" maxlength="20" required</p>
 <textarea name="content" id="" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>
 <input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

四、文件上传

使用request.FILES 获取上传文件

1.表单注意

表单的enctype的值需要设置为：enctype="multipart/form-data"
表单提交类型为POST

2.存储路径

在settings.py文件下添加如下代码

#设置上传⽂件路径
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'static/upload')

3. 文件上传对象的属性和方法

名称	说明
file.name	获取上传的名称
file.size	获取上传大件的大小（字节）
file.read()	读取全部（适用于小⽂件）
file.chunks()	按块来返回文件，通过for循环进行迭代，可以将大⽂件按照块来写入到服务器
file.multiple_chunks()	判断文件是否大于2.5M 返回True或者False

4.创建上传文件的表单

模板

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/doUpload/" method="post" enctype="multipart/formdata">
 {% csrf_token %}
 <p>⽂件 <input type="file" name="file"></p>
 <p><input type="submit" value="上传"></p>
</form>
</body>
</html>

views.py

from django.conf import settings
import os

#⽂件上传处理
def doUpload(req):
    file = req.FILES.get('file')
    # print(file.name)
    # print(file.size)
    savePath = os.path.join(settings.MDEIA_ROOT, file.name)
    # print(savePath)
    with open(savePath,'wb') as f:
       	# f.write(file.read())
        if file.multiple_chunks():
            for myf in file.chunks():
                f.write(myf)
            print('⼤于2.5')
        else:
            print('⼩于2.5')
            f.write(file.read())
    return HttpResponse('⽂件上传')

5.封装文件上传类

可以自定义⼀个类实现文件上传，文件上传类可以:

检查文件类型
检查文件大小
是否生成随机文件名

import os
from datetime import datetime
from random import randint

class FileUpload:
    def __init__(self,file,exts=['png','jpg','jpeg'],size=1024*1024,is_randomname=False):
     """
     :param file: ⽂件上传对象
     :param exts: ⽂件类型
     :param size: ⽂件⼤⼩，默认1M
     :param is_randomname: 是否是随机⽂件名，默认是否
     """
     self.file = file
     self.exts = exts
     self.size = size
     self.is_randomname = is_randomname
    
    #⽂件上传
	def upload(self,dest):
        """
        :param dest: ⽂件上传的⽬标⽬录
        :return:
        """
        #1 判断⽂件类型是否匹配
        if not self.check_type():
        return -1
        #2 判断⽂件⼤⼩是否符合要求
        if not self.check_size():
        return -2
        #3 如果是随机⽂件名，要⽣成随机⽂件名
        if self.is_randomname:
        self.file_name = self.random_filename()
        else:
        self.file_name = self.file.name
        #4 拼接⽬标⽂件路径
        path = os.path.join(dest,self.file_name)
        #5 保存⽂件
        self.write_file(path)
        return 1
       
    def check_type(self):
        ext = os.path.splitext(self.file.name)
        if len(ext) > 1:
            ext = ext[1].lstrip('.')
            if ext in self.exts:
                   return True
 	 return False
   
    def check_size(self):
        if self.size < 0:
        	return False
        #如果⽂件⼤⼩于给定⼤⼩，返回True，否则返回False
        return self.file.size <= self.size
   
    def random_filename(self):
        filename =
       datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")+str(randint(1,10000))
        ext = os.path.splitext(self.file.name)
        #获取⽂件后缀
        ext = ext[1] if len(ext)>1 else ''
        filename += ext
        return filename
       
    def write_file(self,path):
        with open(path,'wb') as fp:
         	if self.file.multiple_chunks():
         		for chunk in self.file.chunks():
         			fp.write(chunk)
        	else:
        		fp.write(self.file.read())

五、站点管理

(1) 配置admin应用

django.contrib.admin

(2) 创建管理员用户

python3 manage.py createsuperuser

依次输入用户名->邮箱->密码->确认密码

(3) 汉化

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

(4) 在App/admin.py 里面注册自己的模型类

from .models import Grade,Students
#注册模型类 在后台展示
admin.site.register(Grade)
admin.site.register(Students)

(5) 配置后台页面和添加数据的展示

#配置数据的展示
class GradeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    #设置显示哪些字段 
    list_display = ['pk','gname','gboynum','ggirlnum']
    #添加搜索字段
    search_fields = ['gname']
    # 分⻚
    list_per_page = 5
    # 过滤字段‘
    list_filter = ['gname']
class StudentsAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['pk','sname','ssex','sage','grade']
    search_fields = ['sname']
	#分⻚
	list_per_page = 5 
	#过滤字段‘
    list_filter = ['sname']
    #更改添加 修改的字段属性的位置
    # fields = ['sage','ssex','sname','grade','info']
    fieldsets = [
     ("基本信息",{"fields":['sname','sage','ssex']}),
     ("其它信息",{'fields':['info','grade']}),
     ]

	#字段顺序和字段分组不能同时使⽤
#注册模型类 在后台展示
admin.site.register(Grade,GradeAdmin)
admin.site.register(Students,StudentsAdmin)

(6) 关联对象

#TabularInline 横着展示添加学⽣的布局
#StackedInline 竖着展示添加学⽣的布局
# class AddStudents(admin.TabularInline):
class AddStudents(admin.StackedInline):
class AddStudents(admin.TabularInline):
	model = Students #关联的模型名称
	extra = 2 #添加学⽣的个数
#配置数据的展示
class GradeAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
	inlines = [AddStudents]

(7) bool值的显示男女

def sex(self):
	if self.ssex:
		return '男' 
	else: 
		return '⼥'
	sex.short_description = 
	'性别' # 给字段名称添加简介（字段的中⽂说明）
	# list_display = ['pk','sname','ssex','sage','grade']
	list_display = ['pk','sname',sex,'sage','grade']