原因：默认安装在C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0文件夹，以支持sql server2012.（我之前不小心把这个文件夹删除了）。
解决方案：下载了visual studio 2010 Isolated shell 完美解决问题，下载后安装就能正常运行SqlServer2012了，其他SqlServer版本请下载visual studio 其他shell版本
官网下载地址：Downloads & Keys - Visual Studio Subscriptions
注意：下载类型要选择DVD下载
然后傻瓜式的安装
- application components SqlServer reinstall Pleaseapplication components sqlserver reinstall application reinstalling initialized platform application component indicates unmounted application springboot properties sqlserver reinstall force-reinstall reinstalling ignore-installed force-reinstall installed reinstall please test-flag-please-ignore