前言
自 .NET 6 起，runtime 中默认的线程池实现从 C++ 代码改为了 C#，更方便我们学习线程池的设计了。
https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/tree/release/6.0/src/libraries/System.Threading.ThreadPool
新的线程池实现位于 PortableThreadPool 中，原 ThreadPool 中的对外公开的接口会直接调用 PortableThreadPool 中的实现。
通过设置环境变量 ThreadPool_UsePortableThreadPool 为 0 可以设置成使用老的线程池实现。
https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/pull/43841/commits/b0d47b84a6845a70f011d1b0d3ce5adde9a4d7b7
本文以 .NET 6 runtime 源码作为学习材料，对线程池的设计进行介绍。从目前的理解上来看，其整体的设计与原来 C++ 的实现并没有特别大的出入。
注意：
- 本文不涉及细节的代码实现，主要为大家介绍其整体设计。所展示的代码并非原封不动的源码，而是为了方便理解的简化版。
ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads(int workerThreads, int completionPortThreads)中的completionPortThreads所相关的IOCP线程池是 .NET Framework 时代的遗留产物，用于管理 Windows 平台专有的 IOCP 的回调线程池。目前没看到有什么地方在用它了，completionPortThreads 这个参数也已经没有意义，底层IO库是自己维护的IO等待线程池。本文只涉及 worker thread 池的介绍。- 本文理解并不完整也不一定完全正确，有异议的地方欢迎留言讨论。
- 为了解释问题，一部分代码会运行在 .NET 6 之前的环境中。
任务的调度
线程池的待执行任务被存放在一个队列系统中。这个系统包括一个 全局队列，以及绑定在每一个 Worker Thread 上 的 本地队列 。而线程池中的每一个线程都在执行 while(true) 的循环，从这个队列系统中领取并执行任务。
在 ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem 的重载方法 ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem<TState>(Action<TState> callBack, TState state, bool preferLocal) 里有一个 preferLocal 参数。
-
调用不带
preferLocal参数的ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem方法重载，任务会被放到全局队列。 -
当
preferLocal为 true 的时候，如果调用ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem代码的线程正好是个线程池里的某个线程，则该任务就会进入该线程的本地队列中。除此之外的情况则会被放到全局队列中等待未来被某个 Worker Thread 捡走。 -
在线程池外的线程中调用，不管
preferLocal传的是什么，任务都会被放到全局队列。
基本调度单元#
本地队列和全局队列的元素类型被定义为 object，实际的任务类型分为两类，在从队列系统取到任务之后会判断类型并执行对应的方法。
IThreadPoolWorkItem 实现类的实例。#
/// <summary>Represents a work item that can be executed by the ThreadPool.</summary>
public interface IThreadPoolWorkItem
{
void Execute();
}
执行 Execute 方法也就代表着任务的执行。
IThreadPoolWorkItem 的具体实现有很多，例如通过 ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack) 传入的 callBack 委托实例会被包装到一个 QueueUserWorkItemCallback 实例里。QueueUserWorkItemCallback 是 IThreadPoolWorkItem 的实现类。
Task#
class Task
{
internal void InnerInvoke();
}
执行 InnerInvoke 会执行 Task 所包含的委托。
全局队列#
全局队列 是由 ThreadPoolWorkQueue 维护的，同时它也是整个队列系统的入口，直接被 ThreadPool 所引用。
public static class ThreadPool
{
internal static readonly ThreadPoolWorkQueue s_workQueue = new ThreadPoolWorkQueue();
public static bool QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack, object state)
{
object tpcallBack = new QueueUserWorkItemCallback(callBack!, state);
s_workQueue.Enqueue(tpcallBack, forceGlobal: true);
return true;
}
}
internal sealed class ThreadPoolWorkQueue
{
// 全局队列
internal readonly ConcurrentQueue<object> workItems = new ConcurrentQueue<object>();
// forceGlobal 为 true 时，push 到全局队列，否则就放到本地队列
public void Enqueue(object callback, bool forceGlobal);
}
本地队列#
线程池中的每一个线程都会绑定一个 ThreadPoolWorkQueueThreadLocals 实例，在 workStealingQueue 这个字段上保存着本地队列。
internal sealed class ThreadPoolWorkQueueThreadLocals
{
// 绑定在线程池线程上
[ThreadStatic]
public static ThreadPoolWorkQueueThreadLocals threadLocals;
// 持有全局队列的引用，以便能在需要的时候将任务转移到全局队列上
public readonly ThreadPoolWorkQueue workQueue;
// 本地队列的直接维护者
public readonly ThreadPoolWorkQueue.WorkStealingQueue workStealingQueue;
public readonly Thread currentThread;
public ThreadPoolWorkQueueThreadLocals(ThreadPoolWorkQueue tpq)
{
workQueue = tpq;
workStealingQueue = new ThreadPoolWorkQueue.WorkStealingQueue();
// WorkStealingQueueList 会集中管理 workStealingQueue
ThreadPoolWorkQueue.WorkStealingQueueList.Add(workStealingQueue);
currentThread = Thread.CurrentThread;
}
// 提供将本地队列中的任务转移到全局队列中去的功能，
// 当 ThreadPool 通过后文将会介绍的 HillClimbing 算法判断得出当前线程是多余的线程后，
// 会调用此方法对任务进行转移
public void TransferLocalWork()
{
while (workStealingQueue.LocalPop() is object cb)
{
workQueue.Enqueue(cb, forceGlobal: true);
}
}
~ThreadPoolWorkQueueThreadLocals()
{
if (null != workStealingQueue)
{
// TransferLocalWork 真正的目的并非是为了在这里被调用，这边只是确保任务不会丢的 fallback 逻辑
TransferLocalWork();
ThreadPoolWorkQueue.WorkStealingQueueList.Remove(workStealingQueue);
}
}
}
偷窃机制#
这里思考一个问题，为什么本地队列的名字会被叫做 WorkStealingQueue 呢？
所有 Worker Thread 的 WorkStealingQueue 都被集中在 WorkStealingQueueList 中。对线程池中其他所有线程可见。
Worker Thread 的 while(true) 中优先会从自身的 WorkStealingQueue 中取任务。如果本地队列已经被清空，就会从全局队列中取任务。例如下图的 Thread1 取全局队列中领取了一个任务。
同时 Thread3 也没活干了，但是全局队列中的任务被 Thread1 抢走了。这时候就会去 从 Thread2 的本地队列中抢 Thread2 的活。
Worker Thread 的生命周期管理
上文介绍了线程池调度任务的机制，交给线程池的任务会被放到全局队列或者本地队列中，最终由线程池中的 Worker Thread 去执行任务。接下来就和大家介绍一下线程池是如何去管理这些 Worker Thread 的生命周期的。
为了更方便的解释线程管理的机制，这边使用下面使用一些代码做演示。
代码参考自 https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/performance-improvements-in-net-6/#threading。
线程注入实验#
Task.Run 会将 Task 调度到线程池中执行，下面的示例代码中等效于 ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack)，会把 Task 放到队列系统的全局队列中（顺便一提，如果在一个线程池线程中执行 Task.Run 会将 Task 调度到此线程池线程的本地队列中）。
.NET 5 实验一 默认线程池配置#
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
var tcs = new TaskCompletionSource();
var tasks = new List<Task>();
for (int i = 1; i <= Environment.ProcessorCount * 2; i++)
{
int id = i;
Console.WriteLine($"Loop Id: {id:00} | {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0.000} | Busy Threads: {GetBusyThreads()}");
tasks.Add(Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine($"Task Id: {id:00} | {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0.000} | Busy Threads: {GetBusyThreads()}");
tcs.Task.Wait();
}));
}
tasks.Add(Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine($"Task SetResult | {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0.000} | Busy Threads: {GetBusyThreads()}");
tcs.SetResult();
}));
Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray());
Console.WriteLine($"Done: | {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0.000}");
}
static int GetBusyThreads()
{
ThreadPool.GetAvailableThreads(out var available, out _);
ThreadPool.GetMaxThreads(out var max, out _);
return max - available;
}
首先在代码在 .NET 5 环境中运行以下代码，CPU 逻辑核心数 12。
Loop Id: 01 | 0.000 | Busy Threads: 0
Loop Id: 02 | 0.112 | Busy Threads: 1
Loop Id: 03 | 0.112 | Busy Threads: 2
Loop Id: 04 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 4
Loop Id: 05 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 7
Loop Id: 06 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 07 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 10
Task Id: 01 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 11
Task Id: 02 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 03 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 07 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 04 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 05 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 08 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 10
Task Id: 08 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 09 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 11
Loop Id: 10 | 0.113 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 11 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 12 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 13 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 14 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 15 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 16 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 17 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 18 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 19 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 20 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 21 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 22 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 23 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 24 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 09 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 06 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 10 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 11 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 12 | 0.114 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 13 | 1.091 | Busy Threads: 13
Task Id: 14 | 1.594 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 15 | 2.099 | Busy Threads: 15
Task Id: 16 | 3.102 | Busy Threads: 16
Task Id: 17 | 3.603 | Busy Threads: 17
Task Id: 18 | 4.107 | Busy Threads: 18
Task Id: 19 | 4.611 | Busy Threads: 19
Task Id: 20 | 5.113 | Busy Threads: 20
Task Id: 21 | 5.617 | Busy Threads: 21
Task Id: 22 | 6.122 | Busy Threads: 22
Task Id: 23 | 7.128 | Busy Threads: 23
Task Id: 24 | 7.632 | Busy Threads: 24
Task SetResult | 8.135 | Busy Threads: 25
Done: | 8.136
Task.Run 会把 Task 调度到线程池上执行，前 24 个 task 都会被阻塞住，直到第 25 个被执行。每次都会打印出当前线程池中正在执行任务的线程数（也就是创建完成的线程数）。
可以观察到以下结果：
- 前几次循环，线程随着 Task 数量递增，后面几次循环直到循环结束为止，线程数一直维持在 12 没有发生变化。
- 线程数在达到 12 之前，零间隔时间增加。第 12 到 第 13 线程间隔 1s 不到，往后约 500ms 增加一个线程。
.NET 5 实验二 调整 ThreadPool 设置#
在上面的代码最前面加入以下两行代码，继续在 .NET 5 环境运行一次。
ThreadPool.GetMinThreads(out int defaultMinThreads, out int completionPortThreads);
Console.WriteLine($"DefaultMinThreads: {defaultMinThreads}");
ThreadPool.SetMinThreads(14, completionPortThreads);
运行结果如下
DefaultMinThreads: 12
Loop Id: 01 | 0.000 | Busy Threads: 0
Loop Id: 02 | 0.003 | Busy Threads: 1
Loop Id: 03 | 0.003 | Busy Threads: 2
Loop Id: 04 | 0.003 | Busy Threads: 5
Loop Id: 05 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 8
Task Id: 01 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 10
Task Id: 03 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 06 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 10
Task Id: 02 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 10
Task Id: 04 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 10
Task Id: 05 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 07 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 9
Loop Id: 08 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 09 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 11
Loop Id: 10 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 08 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 06 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 09 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 10 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 11 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 12 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 13 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 14 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 15 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 16 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 17 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 18 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 19 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 20 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 21 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 22 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 11 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 23 | 0.004 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 24 | 0.005 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 07 | 0.005 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 12 | 0.005 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 13 | 0.005 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 14 | 0.005 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 15 | 0.982 | Busy Threads: 15
Task Id: 16 | 1.486 | Busy Threads: 16
Task Id: 17 | 1.991 | Busy Threads: 17
Task Id: 18 | 2.997 | Busy Threads: 18
Task Id: 19 | 3.501 | Busy Threads: 19
Task Id: 20 | 4.004 | Busy Threads: 20
Task Id: 21 | 4.509 | Busy Threads: 21
Task Id: 22 | 5.014 | Busy Threads: 22
Task Id: 23 | 5.517 | Busy Threads: 23
Task Id: 24 | 6.021 | Busy Threads: 24
Task SetResult | 6.522 | Busy Threads: 25
Done: | 6.523
在调整完线程池的最小线程数量之后，线程注入速度发生转折的时间点从第 12（默认min threads） 个线程换到了第 14（修改后的min threads）个线程。
整体时间也从 8s 缩到 6s。
.NET 5 实验三 tcs.Task.Wait() 改为 Thread.Sleep#
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
var tasks = new List<Task>();
for (int i = 1; i <= Environment.ProcessorCount * 2; i++)
{
int id = i;
Console.WriteLine(
$"Loop Id: {id:00} | {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0.000} | Busy Threads: {GetBusyThreads()}");
tasks.Add(Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine(
$"Task Id: {id:00} | {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0.000} | Busy Threads: {GetBusyThreads()}");
Thread.Sleep(Environment.ProcessorCount * 1000);
}));
}
Task.WhenAll(tasks.ToArray()).ContinueWith(_ =>
{
Console.WriteLine($"Done: | {sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds:0.000}");
});
Console.ReadLine();
}
Loop Id: 01 | 0.000 | Busy Threads: 0
Loop Id: 02 | 0.027 | Busy Threads: 1
Loop Id: 03 | 0.027 | Busy Threads: 2
Loop Id: 04 | 0.027 | Busy Threads: 3
Loop Id: 05 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 4
Loop Id: 06 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 07 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 9
Loop Id: 08 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 9
Loop Id: 09 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 10 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 11 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 12 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 13 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 14 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 15 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 16 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 17 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 18 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 19 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 20 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 21 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 22 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 23 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 24 | 0.028 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 01 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 05 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 03 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 08 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 09 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 10 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 06 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 11 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 12 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 04 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 02 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 07 | 0.029 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 13 | 1.018 | Busy Threads: 13
Task Id: 14 | 1.522 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 15 | 2.025 | Busy Threads: 15
Task Id: 16 | 2.530 | Busy Threads: 16
Task Id: 17 | 3.530 | Busy Threads: 17
Task Id: 18 | 4.035 | Busy Threads: 18
Task Id: 19 | 4.537 | Busy Threads: 19
Task Id: 20 | 5.040 | Busy Threads: 20
Task Id: 21 | 5.545 | Busy Threads: 21
Task Id: 22 | 6.048 | Busy Threads: 22
Task Id: 23 | 7.049 | Busy Threads: 23
Task Id: 24 | 8.056 | Busy Threads: 24
Done: | 20.060
达到 min threads （默认12）之后，线程注入速度明显变慢，最快间隔 500ms。
.NET 6 实验一 默认 ThreadPool 设置#
将 .NET 5 实验一的代码在 .NET 6 执行一次
Loop Id: 01 | 0.001 | Busy Threads: 0
Loop Id: 02 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 1
Loop Id: 03 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 3
Loop Id: 04 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 6
Loop Id: 05 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 4
Loop Id: 06 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 5
Loop Id: 07 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 6
Loop Id: 08 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 8
Task Id: 01 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 11
Task Id: 04 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 11
Task Id: 03 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 11
Task Id: 02 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 11
Task Id: 05 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 11
Loop Id: 09 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 10 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 11 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 12 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 13 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 09 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 14 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 15 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 16 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 17 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 06 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 18 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 19 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 20 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 21 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 22 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 23 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 24 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 10 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 07 | 0.019 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 11 | 0.019 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 08 | 0.019 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 12 | 0.019 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 13 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 16
Task Id: 14 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 17
Task Id: 15 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 18
Task Id: 16 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 19
Task Id: 17 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 20
Task Id: 18 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 21
Task Id: 19 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 22
Task Id: 20 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 23
Task Id: 21 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 24
Task Id: 23 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 24
Task Id: 22 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 24
Task Id: 24 | 0.020 | Busy Threads: 24
Task SetResult | 0.045 | Busy Threads: 25
Done: | 0.046
与实验一相比，虽然线程数仍然停留在 12 了一段时间，但随后线程就立即增长了，后文会介绍 .NET 6 在这方面做出的改进。
.NET 6 实验二 调整 ThreadPool 设置#
将 .NET 5 实验二的代码在 .NET 6 中执行一次
DefaultMinThreads: 12
Loop Id: 01 | 0.001 | Busy Threads: 0
Loop Id: 02 | 0.014 | Busy Threads: 1
Loop Id: 03 | 0.014 | Busy Threads: 2
Loop Id: 04 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 5
Loop Id: 05 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 4
Loop Id: 06 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 5
Loop Id: 07 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 7
Loop Id: 08 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 8
Loop Id: 09 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 11
Task Id: 06 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 01 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 02 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 05 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 03 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 04 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 07 | 0.015 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 08 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 9
Task Id: 09 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 9
Loop Id: 10 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 9
Loop Id: 11 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 12 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 11
Loop Id: 13 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 13
Task Id: 10 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 14 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 15 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 16 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 11 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 17 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 18 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 19 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 20 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 21 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 22 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 23 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Loop Id: 24 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 12 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 13 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 14 | 0.016 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 15 | 0.017 | Busy Threads: 18
Task Id: 16 | 0.017 | Busy Threads: 19
Task Id: 17 | 0.017 | Busy Threads: 20
Task Id: 18 | 0.017 | Busy Threads: 21
Task Id: 19 | 0.017 | Busy Threads: 22
Task Id: 20 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 23
Task Id: 21 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 24
Task Id: 22 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 25
Task Id: 23 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 26
Task Id: 24 | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 26
Task SetResult | 0.018 | Busy Threads: 25
Done: | 0.019
前半部分有部分日志乱序，可以看到，与实验三一样，维持在最大线程数一小段时间之后，立即就开始了线程增长。
.NET 6 实验三 tcs.Task.Wait() 改为 Thread.Sleep#
将 .NET 5 实验三的代码在 .NET 6 中执行一次
Loop Id: 01 | 0.003 | Busy Threads: 0
Loop Id: 02 | 0.024 | Busy Threads: 1
Loop Id: 03 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 2
Loop Id: 04 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 3
Loop Id: 05 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 7
Loop Id: 06 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 5
Loop Id: 07 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 6
Loop Id: 08 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 7
Loop Id: 09 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 9
Loop Id: 10 | 0.025 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 11 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 10
Loop Id: 12 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 11
Loop Id: 13 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 14 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 15 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 16 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 17 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 18 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 19 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 20 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 21 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 22 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 23 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Loop Id: 24 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 01 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 02 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 05 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 04 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 06 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 08 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 09 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 03 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 11 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 10 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 07 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 12 | 0.026 | Busy Threads: 12
Task Id: 13 | 1.026 | Busy Threads: 13
Task Id: 14 | 2.027 | Busy Threads: 14
Task Id: 15 | 3.028 | Busy Threads: 15
Task Id: 16 | 4.030 | Busy Threads: 16
Task Id: 17 | 5.031 | Busy Threads: 17
Task Id: 18 | 6.032 | Busy Threads: 18
Task Id: 19 | 6.533 | Busy Threads: 19
Task Id: 20 | 7.035 | Busy Threads: 20
Task Id: 21 | 8.036 | Busy Threads: 21
Task Id: 22 | 8.537 | Busy Threads: 22
Task Id: 23 | 9.538 | Busy Threads: 23
Task Id: 24 | 10.039 | Busy Threads: 24
Done: | 22.041
结果与 .NET 5 的实验三相差不大。
线程注入#
对照上述的几组实验结果，接下来以 .NET 6 中 C# 实现的 ThreadPool 作为资料来理解一下线程注入的几个阶段（按个人理解进行的划分，仅供参考）。
1. 第一个线程的出现#
随着任务被调度到队列上，第一个线程被创建出来。
下面是线程池在执行第一个任务的时候的代码摘要，涉及到计数的并执行相关处理的地方，代码都使用了 while(xxx) + Interlocked 的方式来进行并发控制，可以理解成乐观锁。这一阶段，实际上我们只需要关注到 ThreadPoolWorkQueue.EnsureThreadRequested 方法就行了。
可利用 Rider 的反编译 Debug 功能帮助我们学习。
下面是第一个 Task.Run 的代码执行路径
注意：执行环节是 Main Thread
public static class ThreadPool
{
internal static readonly ThreadPoolWorkQueue s_workQueue = new ThreadPoolWorkQueue();
public static bool QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack, object state)
{
object tpcallBack = new QueueUserWorkItemCallback(callBack!, state);
s_workQueue.Enqueue(tpcallBack, forceGlobal: true);
return true;
}
}
internal sealed class ThreadPoolWorkQueue
{
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
private struct CacheLineSeparated
{
private readonly Internal.PaddingFor32 pad1;
public volatile int numOutstandingThreadRequests;
private readonly Internal.PaddingFor32 pad2;
}
private CacheLineSeparated _separated;
public void Enqueue(object callback, bool forceGlobal)
{
// 线程池中执行的任务有两种：IThreadPoolWorkItem、Task
Debug.Assert((callback is IThreadPoolWorkItem) ^ (callback is Task));
if (loggingEnabled && FrameworkEventSource.Log.IsEnabled())
FrameworkEventSource.Log.ThreadPoolEnqueueWorkObject(callback);
ThreadPoolWorkQueueThreadLocals? tl = null;
if (!forceGlobal)
// 获取本地队列，如果执行改代码的线程不是线程池线程，
// 那这边是获取不到的，就算 forceGlobal 是 false，
// 也会把任务放到全局队列
tl = ThreadPoolWorkQueueThreadLocals.threadLocals;
if (null != tl)
{
// 放到本地队列
tl.workStealingQueue.LocalPush(callback);
}
else
{
// 当道全局队列
workItems.Enqueue(callback);
}
EnsureThreadRequested();
}
internal void EnsureThreadRequested()
{
//
// If we have not yet requested #procs threads, then request a new thread.
//
// CoreCLR: Note that there is a separate count in the VM which has already been incremented
// by the VM by the time we reach this point.
//
int count = _separated.numOutstandingThreadRequests;
while (count < Environment.ProcessorCount)
{
int prev = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _separated.numOutstandingThreadRequests, count + 1, count);
if (prev == count)
{
ThreadPool.RequestWorkerThread();
break;
}
count = prev;
}
}
public static class ThreadPool
{
/// <summary>
/// This method is called to request a new thread pool worker to handle pending work.
/// </summary>
internal static void RequestWorkerThread() => PortableThreadPool.ThreadPoolInstance.RequestWorker();
}
internal sealed class PortableThreadPool
{
public static readonly PortableThreadPool ThreadPoolInstance = new PortableThreadPool();
internal void RequestWorker()
{
// The order of operations here is important. MaybeAddWorkingWorker() and EnsureRunning() use speculative checks to
// do their work and the memory barrier from the interlocked operation is necessary in this case for correctness.
Interlocked.Increment(ref _separated.numRequestedWorkers);
WorkerThread.MaybeAddWorkingWorker(this);
// 初始化 GateThread
GateThread.EnsureRunning(this);
}
/// <summary>
/// The worker thread infastructure for the CLR thread pool.
/// </summary>
private static class WorkerThread
{
internal static void MaybeAddWorkingWorker(PortableThreadPool threadPoolInstance)
{
ThreadCounts counts = threadPoolInstance._separated.counts;
short numExistingThreads, numProcessingWork, newNumExistingThreads, newNumProcessingWork;
// 这个 while (true) 是确保计算出正确的待创建线程数
while (true)
{
numProcessingWork = counts.NumProcessingWork;
if (numProcessingWork >= counts.NumThreadsGoal)
{
return;
}
newNumProcessingWork = (short)(numProcessingWork + 1);
numExistingThreads = counts.NumExistingThreads;
newNumExistingThreads = Math.Max(numExistingThreads, newNumProcessingWork);
ThreadCounts newCounts = counts;
newCounts.NumProcessingWork = newNumProcessingWork;
newCounts.NumExistingThreads = newNumExistingThreads;
ThreadCounts oldCounts = threadPoolInstance._separated.counts.InterlockedCompareExchange(newCounts, counts);
if (oldCounts == counts)
{
break;
}
counts = oldCounts;
}
int toCreate = newNumExistingThreads - numExistingThreads;
int toRelease = newNumProcessingWork - numProcessingWork;
if (toRelease > 0)
{
s_semaphore.Release(toRelease);
}
while (toCreate > 0)
{
if (TryCreateWorkerThread())
{
toCreate--;
continue;
}
counts = threadPoolInstance._separated.counts;
while (true)
{
ThreadCounts newCounts = counts;
newCounts.SubtractNumProcessingWork((short)toCreate);
newCounts.SubtractNumExistingThreads((short)toCreate);
ThreadCounts oldCounts = threadPoolInstance._separated.counts.InterlockedCompareExchange(newCounts, counts);
if (oldCounts == counts)
{
break;
}
counts = oldCounts;
}
break;
}
}
private static bool TryCreateWorkerThread()
{
try
{
// Thread pool threads must start in the default execution context without transferring the context, so
// using UnsafeStart() instead of Start()
Thread workerThread = new Thread(s_workerThreadStart);
workerThread.IsThreadPoolThread = true;
workerThread.IsBackground = true;
// thread name will be set in thread proc
workerThread.UnsafeStart();
}
catch (ThreadStartException)
{
return false;
}
catch (OutOfMemoryException)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
}
}
2. 达到 线程数量目标（NumThreadsGoal） 之前的线程数增长#
细心的朋友会发现上面代码里 EnsureThreadRequested 方法有一个终止条件，_separated.numOutstandingThreadRequests == Environment.ProcessorCount，每次新增一个 ThreadRequested，这个数就会 +1，似乎允许创建的最大 Worker Thread 是 Environment.ProcessorCount？
其实 ThreadPoolWorkQueue 维护的 NumOutstandingThreadRequests 这个值会在线程池线程真正跑起来之后，会在 ThreadPoolWorkQueue.Dispatch方法中 -1。也就是说，只要有一个线程真正运行起来了，就能创建第 Environment.ProcessorCount + 1 个Thread。当然，在向 ThreadPoolWorkQueue 加入第13个任务的时候，第13个 Worker Thread 就算不允许创建也没关系，因为任务已经入队了，会被运行起来的 Worker Thread 取走。
PortableThreadPool里维护了一个计数器 PortableThreadPool.ThreadPoolInstance._separated.counts，记录了 Worker Thread 相关的三个数值：
- NumProcessingWork：当前正在执行任务的 Worker Thread。
- NumExistingThreads：当前线程池中实际有的 Worker Thread。
- NumThreadsGoal：当前允许创建的最大 Worker Thread，初始值为 min threads，最大值受限于 max threads。
min threads 初始值：运行环境 CPU 核心数，可通过 ThreadPool.SetMinThreads 进行设置，参数有效范围是 [1, max threads]。
max threads 初始值：32位平台 1023，64位平台 short.MaxValue，可通过 ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads 进行设置。
核心的变量就是这个 NumThreadsGoal 了，它会在下面几种情况中被更新，后文会补充说明：
- 更新 ThreadPool 的 min threads 或 max threads 时可能会更新 NumThreadsGoal。
- 避免饥饿机制（Starvation Avoidance）里的 GateThread 会更新 NumThreadsGoal。
- 有 Worker Thread 被同步代码阻塞时 NumThreadsGoal 可能会被更新以避免 Worker Thread 不够用，这是.NET6开始新增的逻辑。
- 爬山算法根据 ThreadPool 吞吐量态更新 NumThreadsGoal。
internal class PortableThreadPool
{
public static readonly PortableThreadPool ThreadPoolInstance = new PortableThreadPool();
private CacheLineSeparated _separated;
private struct CacheLineSeparated
{
public ThreadCounts counts;
}
/// <summary>
/// Tracks information on the number of threads we want/have in different states in our thread pool.
/// </summary>
private struct ThreadCounts
{
/// <summary>
/// Number of threads processing work items.
/// </summary>
public short NumProcessingWork { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Number of thread pool threads that currently exist.
/// </summary>
public short NumExistingThreads { get; set; }
// <summary>
/// Max possible thread pool threads we want to have.
/// </summary>
public short NumThreadsGoal { get; set; }
}
}
3. 避免饥饿机制（Starvation Avoidance）#
上面讲到，随着任务进入队列系统，Worker Thread 将随之增长，直到达到 NumThreadsGoal。
NumThreadsGoal 是12，前 12 个线程都被堵住了，加入到队列系统的第 13 个任务没办法被这前 12 个线程领走执行。
在这种情况下，线程池的 Starvation Avoidance 机制就起到作用了。
在上述所说的第一个阶段，除了线程池中的第一个线程会被创建之外，GateThread 也会随之被初始化。在第一阶段的代码摘录中，可以看到 GateThread 的初始化。
internal sealed class PortableThreadPool
{
public static readonly PortableThreadPool ThreadPoolInstance = new PortableThreadPool();
internal void RequestWorker()
{
Interlocked.Increment(ref _separated.numRequestedWorkers);
WorkerThread.MaybeAddWorkingWorker(this);
// 初始化 GateThread
GateThread.EnsureRunning(this);
}
}
在 GateThread 是一个独立的线程，每隔 500ms 进行检查一下，如果 NumProcessingWork >= NumThreadsGoal（WorkerThread.MaybeAddWorkingWorker 不添加 Worker Thread 的判断条件），就设置新的 NumThreadsGoal = NumProcessingWork + 1，并调用 WorkerThread.MaybeAddWorkingWorker，这样新的 Worker Thread 就可以被 WorkerThread.MaybeAddWorkingWorker 创建。
这就解释了，为什么 .NET 5 实验一、二在线程数达到min threads（NumThreadsGoal 的默认值）之后，后面 Worker Thread 的增长是每 500ms 一个。
由于在第三阶段中，线程的增长会比较缓慢，有经验的开发会在应用启动的时候设置一个较大的 min threads，使其较晚或不进入第三阶段。
线程注入在 .NET 6 中的改进#
.NET 6 与 .NET 5 的实验二相比，达到 min threads 之后，线程的增长速度有明显的差异，而两者的实验三却相差不大。
.NET 6 对于 Task.Wait 导致线程池线程阻塞的场景进行了优化，但如果并非此原因导致的线程数不够用，依旧是 Starvation Avoidance 的策略。
新的 ThreadPool 提供了一个 ThreadPool.NotifyThreadBlocked 的内部接口，里面会调用 GateThread.Wake 去唤醒 GateThread 本来 500ms 执行一次的逻辑，这 500ms 的间隔时间是通过 AutoResetEvent 实现的，所以 GateThread.Wake 也很简单。
关键代码示意，非真实代码：
internal class PortableThreadPool
{
public bool NotifyThreadBlocked()
{
// ...
GateThread.Wake(this);
return true;
}
private static class GateThread
{
private static readonly AutoResetEvent DelayEvent = new AutoResetEvent(initialState: false);
// GateThread 入口方法
private static void GateThreadStart()
{
while(true)
{
DelayEvent.WaitOne(500);
// ...
}
}
public static void Wake(PortableThreadPool threadPoolInstance)
{
DelayEvent.Set();
EnsureRunning(threadPoolInstance);
}
}
爬山算法（Hill Climbing）#
除了上述介绍的线程注入机制外，从CLR 4.0开始，线程池内实现了一个根据采集到线程池吞吐率数据（每次任务完成时记录数据），推导出该算法认为最优的线程池线程数量。
算法实现位于 HillClimbing.ThreadPoolHillClimber.Update，有兴趣的朋友可以去看一下。
public (int newThreadCount, int newSampleMs) Update(int currentThreadCount, double sampleDurationSeconds, int numCompletions)
-
currentThreadCount：当前线程数
-
sampleDurationSeconds：采样间隔
-
numCompletions：这段采样时间间隔内完成的任务数
-
newThreadCount：新的线程数
-
newSample：新的采样间隔时间
不必要线程的销毁#
如果线程需要被移除的时候，本地队列还存在待执行任务，则会将这些任务转移到全局队列中。
在以下几个场景中，线程池将会销毁掉不需要的线程，并不一定全面，只限于笔者当前认知。
- 在无法从队列系统领取到任务时。
- 通过爬山算法认定当前线程属于多余线程时。
小结#
Worker Thread 的数量会随着进入 ThreadPool 的任务数量增加，直至 Worker Thread 的数量达到 NumThreadsGoal。
NumThreadsGoal 可能会在下述情况中更新：
- 更新 ThreadPool 的 min threads 或 max threads 时。
- 避免饥饿机制（Starvation Avoidance）。
- 有 Worker Thread 被同步代码阻塞时。
- 爬山算法的动态更新。
Worker Thread 无任务可执行及被爬山算法判定为多余时会被销毁。
总结
交给线程池去执行的任务会进入线程池的队列系统最终交给 Worker Thread 去执行。
线程池会根据线程池中任务的执行情况去动态的调整 Worker Thread 的创建与销毁。
参考资料
https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/3813/NET-s-ThreadPool-Class-Behind-The-Scenes
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/performance-improvements-in-net-6/#threading
https://mattwarren.org/2017/04/13/The-CLR-Thread-Pool-Thread-Injection-Algorithm/
https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-CN/previous-versions/msp-n-p/ff963549(v=pandp.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN#thread-injection
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