Android中使用Gson

发布时间 2023-12-17 13:19:58作者: Huntto

Gson是一个Java库,可用于将Java对象转换为它们的JSON表示。它还可以用于将JSON字符串转换为等效的Java对象。Gson可以处理任意Java对象,包括您没有源代码的已有对象。

一、简单使用

1. 导入

在Android的build.gradle中添加依赖:

dependencies {
    implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.10.1'
}

2. Gson序列化

下面以一个简单例子展示对象序列化:

Item item = new Item();
item.id = 101;
item.name = "Apple";
Gson gson = new Gson();
String json = gson.toJson(item);
Log.d(TAG, json);

打印的json字符串值为:

{"id": 101,"name": "Apple"}

序列化就是如此简单,json字段名就是类的属性名,如果要修改序列化字段名,需要在类型属性上添加注解@SerializedName

public class Item {
    @SerializedName("ID")
    int id;
    String name;

    @NonNull
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Item{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

那么json的字符串值将变为:

{"ID": 101,"name": "Apple"}

3. Gson对象解析

将上面的json直接解析为Item对象:

Item it = gson.fromJson(json, Item.class);
Log.d(TAG, it.toString());

打印结果如下:

Item{id=101, name='Apple'}

可见Gson的使用是非常简单的,掌握上述方法已经可以处理大部分JSON序列化问题了。

二、混淆

Gson的对象解析利用到了java反射机制,如果开启了混淆是否影响序列化和反序列化,接下来做一个简单的实验。
在build.gradle中打开混淆开关:

buildTypes {
    debug {
        minifyEnabled true
        proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
    }
}

再次运行上面的代码,将得到如下类似打印:

{"ID":101,"b":"Apple"}

由于在id字段上添加了注解序列化名称,因此ID名称并没有因混淆被影响;而name字段由于混淆名称变为了b,所以JSON字段名称也变成了b
所以要避免混淆对系列化的影响,一是可以在需要化字段上添加注解@SerializedName,二是防止整个类被混淆,如可在类上添加注解@Keep,或者在混淆文件中添加

-keepclasseswithmembernames class com.ihuntto.hellogson.Item {*;}

三、序列化部分类属性

上面给出的例子是对类的属性进行全部JSON序列化,如果要进行部分序列化,该怎么办?这里有多种方式可选择。

1. 使用transient修饰符

在不需要序列化字段前面添加transient

transient String nickName = "Pie";

2. 指定Modifier字段

如不序列化privateprotected字段:

Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().excludeFieldsWithModifiers(Modifier.PRIVATE, Modifier.PROTECTED).create();

当然还用其他Modifier可以选择:

package java.lang.reflect;
public class Modifier {
    public static final int ABSTRACT = 1024;
    public static final int FINAL = 16;
    public static final int INTERFACE = 512;
    public static final int NATIVE = 256;
    public static final int PRIVATE = 2;
    public static final int PROTECTED = 4;
    public static final int PUBLIC = 1;
    public static final int STATIC = 8;
    public static final int STRICT = 2048;
    public static final int SYNCHRONIZED = 32;
    public static final int TRANSIENT = 128;
    public static final int VOLATILE = 64;
    ...
}

3. 使用注解@Expose

在需要进行序列化的字段上添加@Expose注解:

public class Item {
    @Expose
    @SerializedName("ID")
    int id;

    @Expose
    String name;

    transient String nickName = "Pie";
    String otherStuff;
    ...  
}

使用GsonBuilder创建Gson,以排除不包含@Expose注解的字段:

Item item = new Item();
item.id = 101;
item.name = "Apple";
item.otherStuff = "Red";
Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().excludeFieldsWithoutExposeAnnotation().create();
String json = gson.toJson(item);
Log.d(TAG, json);

序列化的json字符串打印为:

{"ID":101,"name":"Apple"}

可见nickNameotherStuff字段都没有被序列化。
也可以指定字段只支持序列化或反序列化:

@Expose(serialize = true, deserialize = false)

4. 自定义排除策略

如果上面还不能满足部分字段序列化需求,还可以自定义排除策略:

public class MyExclusionStrategy implements ExclusionStrategy {
    @Override
    public boolean shouldSkipField(FieldAttributes field) {
        return field.getName().startsWith("_");
    }

    @Override
    public boolean shouldSkipClass(Class<?> clazz) {
        return clazz.isAnonymousClass();
    }
}

排除以下划线开头的字段,以及匿名内部类不进行序列化,还可以根据FieldAttributesClass<?>支持的判断添加排除策略。

综合上述4种方法,首先不推荐使用@Expose注解,因为任何库中类的字段不支持你添加@Expose注解的,也就是你不能序列化任何库中的类对象;其次不推荐使用Modifier进行排除序列化字段,一是代码规范基本建议不使用public字段,二是protectedprivate可以用来区别子类的可见性,但不是区分序列化的标志,如果实在是要使用,建议使用其他Modifier来区分;比较建议使用transient,因为java语言已经明确其修饰字段不进行序列化。

四、反序列化含子类的列表

如果在ArrayList<IShape>的列表中添加了IShape的子类,那么这个列表还能正常序列化和反序列化吗?

interface IShape {
    void draw();
}
public class Circle implements IShape {
    private static final String TAG = Circle.class.getSimpleName();
    float x;
    float y;
    float radius;

    public Circle() {
    }

    public Circle(float x, float y, float radius) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.radius = radius;
    }

    @Override
    public void draw() {
        Log.d(TAG, "draw " + toString());
    }

    @NonNull
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Circle{" +
                "x=" + x +
                ", y=" + y +
                ", radius=" + radius +
                '}';
    }
}
public class Rectangle implements IShape {
    private static final String TAG = Rectangle.class.getSimpleName();

    float x;
    float y;
    float width;
    float height;

    public Rectangle() {
    }

    public Rectangle(float x, float y, float width, float height) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.width = width;
        this.height = height;
    }

    @Override
    public void draw() {
        Log.d(TAG, "draw " + toString());
    }

    @NonNull
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Rectangle{" +
                "x=" + x +
                ", y=" + y +
                ", width=" + width +
                ", height=" + height +
                '}';
    }
}
public class ShapeHolder {
    List<IShape> shapes = new ArrayList<>();
}
IShape circle = new Circle(0, 0, 10);
IShape rectangle = new Rectangle(0, 0, 20, 10);
ShapeHolder holder = new ShapeHolder();
holder.shapes.add(circle);
holder.shapes.add(rectangle);
Gson gson = new Gson();
String json = gson.toJson(holder);
Log.d(TAG, json);

上述代码可以正常序列化:

{"shapes":[{"radius":10.0,"x":0.0,"y":0.0},{"height":10.0,"width":20.0,"x":0.0,"y":0.0}]}

但是将json字符串进行反序列化时:

ShapeHolder shapeHolder = gson.fromJson(json, ShapeHolder.class);

将得到如下异常:

com.google.gson.JsonIOException: Interfaces can't be instantiated! Register an InstanceCreator or a TypeAdapter for this type. Interface name: com.ihuntto.hellogson.IShape

异常提示注册一个InstanceCreator或者TypeAdapter,那么尝试为gson添加一个TypeAdapter,首先在CircleRectangle中添加type字段以区分不同的序列化类:

public class Circle implements IShape {
    ...
    String type = "circle";
    ...
}
public class Rectangle implements IShape {
    ...
    String type = "rectangle";
    ...
}
public class IShapeDeserializer implements JsonDeserializer<IShape> {
    private final Gson mGson = new Gson();
    private final HashMap<String, Class<? extends IShape>> mTypeMap = new HashMap<>();

    public IShapeDeserializer() {
        mTypeMap.put("circle", Circle.class);
        mTypeMap.put("rectangle", Rectangle.class);
    }

    @Override
    public IShape deserialize(JsonElement json, Type typeOfT, JsonDeserializationContext context) throws JsonParseException {
        Class<? extends IShape> clazz = mTypeMap.get(json.getAsJsonObject().get("type").getAsString());
        return mGson.fromJson(json, clazz);
    }
}

现在进行序列化与反序列化:

IShape circle = new Circle(0, 0, 10);
IShape rectangle = new Rectangle(0, 0, 20, 10);
ShapeHolder holder = new ShapeHolder();
holder.shapes.add(circle);
holder.shapes.add(rectangle);

Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().registerTypeAdapter(IShape.class, new IShapeDeserializer()).create();

String json = gson.toJson(holder);
Log.d(TAG, json);

ShapeHolder shapeHolder = gson.fromJson(json, ShapeHolder.class);
for (IShape shape : shapeHolder.shapes) {
    shape.draw();
}

运行上述代码将得到如下打印:

2023-12-17 12:37:22.000 31010-31010/com.ihuntto.hellogson D/MainActivity: {"shapes":[{"radius":10.0,"type":"circle","x":0.0,"y":0.0},{"height":10.0,"type":"rectangle","width":20.0,"x":0.0,"y":0.0}]}
2023-12-17 12:37:22.006 31010-31010/com.ihuntto.hellogson D/Circle: draw Circle{x=0.0, y=0.0, radius=10.0}
2023-12-17 12:37:22.006 31010-31010/com.ihuntto.hellogson D/Rectangle: draw Rectangle{x=0.0, y=0.0, width=20.0, height=10.0}

如果我定义了一个ShapeCompounds

public class ShapeCompounds implements IShape {
    private static final String TAG = ShapeCompounds.class.getSimpleName();
    String type = "shape-compounds";

    List<IShape> shapes = new ArrayList<>();

    @Override
    public void draw() {
        Log.d(TAG, "draw " + toString());
    }

    @NonNull
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "ShapeCompounds{" +
                "type='" + type + '\'' +
                ", shapes=" + shapes +
                '}';
    }
}

并且在IShapeDeserializer进行注册:

public class IShapeDeserializer implements JsonDeserializer<IShape> {
    ...
    public IShapeDeserializer() {
        ...
        mTypeMap.put("shape-compounds", ShapeCompounds.class);
    }
    ...
}

那么下面这段代码还能运行正常吗?

IShape circle = new Circle(0, 0, 10);
IShape rectangle = new Rectangle(0, 0, 20, 10);
ShapeCompounds compounds = new ShapeCompounds();
compounds.shapes.add(circle);
compounds.shapes.add(rectangle);
ShapeHolder holder = new ShapeHolder();
holder.shapes.add(circle);
holder.shapes.add(rectangle);
holder.shapes.add(compounds);

Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().registerTypeAdapter(IShape.class, new IShapeDeserializer()).create();

String json = gson.toJson(holder);
Log.d(TAG, json);

ShapeHolder shapeHolder = gson.fromJson(json, ShapeHolder.class);
for (IShape shape : shapeHolder.shapes) {
    shape.draw();
}

很不辛,上述代码可以序列化成功,但反序列化失败,如果在IShapeDeserializerdeserialize方法出加上打印可以知道原因是无法反序列化ShapeCompounds,因为序列化ShapeCompoundsGson为普通Gson,并没有注册TypeAdapter,因此同样需要为IShapeDeserializer注册TypeAdapter

public class IShapeDeserializer implements JsonDeserializer<IShape> {
    private static Gson sInstance;
    private final HashMap<String, Class<? extends IShape>> mTypeMap = new HashMap<>();

    private IShapeDeserializer() {
        mTypeMap.put("circle", Circle.class);
        mTypeMap.put("rectangle", Rectangle.class);
        mTypeMap.put("shape-compounds", ShapeCompounds.class);
    }

    @Override
    public IShape deserialize(JsonElement json, Type typeOfT, JsonDeserializationContext context) throws JsonParseException {
        Class<? extends IShape> clazz = mTypeMap.get(json.getAsJsonObject().get("type").getAsString());
        return sInstance.fromJson(json, clazz);
    }


    public static Gson crate() {
        if (sInstance == null) {
            sInstance = new GsonBuilder().registerTypeAdapter(IShape.class, new IShapeDeserializer()).create();
        }
        return sInstance;
    }
}

将测试代码中的gson对象创建方法替换为:

Gson gson = IShapeDeserializer.crate();

运行测试代码就可以得到正常打印了:

2023-12-17 12:54:41.038 31506-31506/com.ihuntto.hellogson D/MainActivity: {"shapes":[{"radius":10.0,"type":"circle","x":0.0,"y":0.0},{"height":10.0,"type":"rectangle","width":20.0,"x":0.0,"y":0.0},{"shapes":[{"radius":10.0,"type":"circle","x":0.0,"y":0.0},{"height":10.0,"type":"rectangle","width":20.0,"x":0.0,"y":0.0}],"type":"shape-compounds"}]}
2023-12-17 12:54:41.044 31506-31506/com.ihuntto.hellogson D/Circle: draw Circle{x=0.0, y=0.0, radius=10.0}
2023-12-17 12:54:41.044 31506-31506/com.ihuntto.hellogson D/Rectangle: draw Rectangle{x=0.0, y=0.0, width=20.0, height=10.0}
2023-12-17 12:54:41.045 31506-31506/com.ihuntto.hellogson D/ShapeCompounds: draw ShapeCompounds{type='shape-compounds', shapes=[Circle{x=0.0, y=0.0, radius=10.0}, Rectangle{x=0.0, y=0.0, width=20.0, height=10.0}]}

这里仅总结我在使用Gson过程中遇到的问题及解决的方法,后续遇到新的问题再进行更新。

参考

  1. Gson
  2. Gson工具的使用、序列化/反序列化集合、对象、遇到的问题
  3. Gson反序列化 子类、接口实现类