【Hystrix技术指南】(7)故障切换的运作流程原理分析(含源码)

发布时间 2023-08-11 13:04:07作者: 程序分享

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背景介绍

目前对于一些非核心操作,如增减库存后保存操作日志发送异步消息时(具体业务流程),一旦出现MQ服务异常时,会导致接口响应超时,因此可以考虑对非核心操作引入服务降级、服务隔离。

Hystrix说明

官方文档

Hystrix是Netflix开源的一个容灾框架,解决当外部依赖故障时拖垮业务系统、甚至引起雪崩的问题。

为什么需要Hystrix?

  • 在大中型分布式系统中,通常系统很多依赖(HTTP,hession,Netty,Dubbo等),在高并发访问下,这些依赖的稳定性与否对系统的影响非常大,但是依赖有很多不可控问题:如网络连接缓慢,资源繁忙,暂时不可用,服务脱机等。
  • *当依赖阻塞时,大多数服务器的线程池就出现阻塞(BLOCK),影响整个线上服务的稳定性,在复杂的分布式架构的应用程序有很多的依赖,都会不可避免地在某些时候失败。高并发的依赖失败时如果没有隔离措施,当前应用服务就有被拖垮的风险。
例如:一个依赖30个SOA服务的系统,每个服务99.99

99.99

0.3

换算成时间大约每月有2个小时服务不稳定.

随着服务依赖数量的变多,服务不稳定的概率会成指数性提高.

解决问题方案:对依赖做隔离。
复制代码

Hystrix设计理念

想要知道如何使用,必须先明白其核心设计理念,Hystrix基于命令模式,通过UML图先直观的认识一下这一设计模式

  • 可见,Command是在 ReceiverInvoker之间添加的中间层, Command实现了对Receiver的封装
  • API既可以是Invoker又可以是reciever,通过继承Hystrix核心类HystrixCommand来封装这些API(例如,远程接口调用,数据库查询之类可能会产生延时的操作)
  • *就可以为API提供弹性保护了。

Hystrix如何解决依赖隔离

  1. Hystrix使用命令模式HystrixCommand(Command)包装依赖调用逻辑,每个命令在单独线程中/信号授权下执行。
  2. 可配置依赖调用超时时间,超时时间一般设为比99.5%平均时间略高即可。当调用超时时,直接返回或执行fallback逻辑。
  3. 为每个依赖提供一个小的线程池(或信号),如果线程池已满调用将被立即拒绝,默认不采用排队,加速失败判定时间。
  4. 依赖调用结果分,成功,失败(抛出异常),超时,线程拒绝,短路。 请求失败(异常,拒绝,超时,短路)时执行fallback(降级)逻辑。
  5. 提供熔断器组件,可以自动运行或手动调用,停止当前依赖一段时间(10秒),熔断器默认错误率阈值为50%,超过将自动运行
  6. 提供近实时依赖的统计和监控

Hystrix流程结构解析

流程说明:

  1. 每次调用构建HystrixCommand或者HystrixObservableCommand对象,把依赖调用封装在run()方法中.
  2. 结果是否有缓存如果没有执行execute()/queue做sync或async调用,对应真正的run()/construct()
  3. 判断熔断器(circuit-breaker)是否打开,如果打开跳到步骤8,进行降级策略,如果关闭进入步骤.
  4. 判断线程池/队列/信号量是否跑满,如果跑满进入降级步骤8,否则继续后续步骤.
  5. 使用HystrixObservableCommand.construct()还是HystrixCommand.run(),运行依赖逻辑
  6. 依赖逻辑调用超时,进入步骤8
  7. 判断逻辑是否调用成功
  • 6a 返回成功调用结果
  • 6b 调用出错,进入步骤8.
  1. 计算熔断器状态,所有的运行状态(成功, 失败, 拒绝,超时)上报给熔断器,用于统计从而判断熔断器状态.
  2. getFallback()降级逻辑. a. 没有实现getFallback的Command将直接抛出异常 b. fallback降级逻辑调用成功直接返回 c. 降级逻辑调用失败抛出异常
  3. 返回执行成功结果

以下四种情况将触发getFallback调用:

  1. run()方法抛出非HystrixBadRequestException异常
  2. run()方法调用超时
  3. 熔断器开启短路调用
  4. 线程池/队列/信号量是否跑满

熔断器:Circuit Breaker

每个熔断器默认维护10个bucket,每秒一个bucket,每个bucket记录成功,失败,超时,拒绝的状态,默认错误超过50%且10秒内超过20个请求进行中断短路。

Hystrix隔离分析

Hystrix隔离方式采用线程/信号的方式,通过隔离限制依赖的并发量和阻塞扩散.

线程隔离

  • 执行依赖代码的线程与请求线程(如:jetty线程)分离,请求线程可以自由控制离开的时间(异步过程)。
  • 通过线程池大小可以控制并发量,当线程池饱和时可以提前拒绝服务,防止依赖问题扩散。
  • *线上建议线程池不要设置过大,否则大量堵塞线程有可能会拖慢服务器。
实际案例:

Netflix公司内部认为线程隔离开销足够小,不会造成重大的成本或性能的影响。Netflix 内部API 每天100亿的HystrixCommand依赖请求使用线程隔,每个应用大约40多个线程池,每个线程池大约5-20个线程。

信号隔离

信号隔离也可以用于限制并发访问,防止阻塞扩散, 与线程隔离最大不同在于执行依赖代码的线程依然是请求线程(该线程需要通过信号申请),如果客户端是可信的且可以快速返回,可以使用信号隔离替换线程隔离,降低开销。

信号量的大小可以动态调整, 线程池大小不可以。

线程隔离与信号隔离区别如下图:

fallback故障切换降级机制

有兴趣的小伙伴可以看看:官方参考文档

源码分析

hystrix-core-1.5.12-sources.jar!/com/netflix/hystrix/AbstractCommand.java

executeCommandAndObserve

    private Observable executeCommandAndObserve(final AbstractCommand _cmd) {

        final Func1> handleFallback = new Func1>() {

            public Observable call(Throwable t) {
                circuitBreaker.markNonSuccess();
                Exception e = getExceptionFromThrowable(t);
                executionResult = executionResult.setExecutionException(e);
                if (e instanceof RejectedExecutionException) {
                    return handleThreadPoolRejectionViaFallback(e);
                } else if (t instanceof HystrixTimeoutException) {
                    return handleTimeoutViaFallback();
                } else if (t instanceof HystrixBadRequestException) {
                    return handleBadRequestByEmittingError(e);
                } else {

                    if (e instanceof HystrixBadRequestException) {
                        eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.BAD_REQUEST, commandKey);
                        return Observable.error(e);
                    }
                    return handleFailureViaFallback(e);
                }
            }
        };

        Observable execution;
        if (properties.executionTimeoutEnabled().get()) {
            execution = executeCommandWithSpecifiedIsolation(_cmd).lift(new HystrixObservableTimeoutOperator(_cmd));
        } else {
            execution = executeCommandWithSpecifiedIsolation(_cmd);
        }
        return execution.doOnNext(markEmits)
                .doOnCompleted(markOnCompleted)
                .onErrorResumeNext(handleFallback)
                .doOnEach(setRequestContext);
    }
复制代码

使用Observable的onErrorResumeNext,里头调用了handleFallback,handleFallback中区分不同的异常来调用不同的fallback。

  • RejectedExecutionException调用handleThreadPoolRejectionViaFallback
  • HystrixTimeoutException调用handleTimeoutViaFallback
  • *非HystrixBadRequestException的调用handleFailureViaFallback
applyHystrixSemantics
    private Observable applyHystrixSemantics(final AbstractCommand _cmd) {

        executionHook.onStart(_cmd);

        if (circuitBreaker.attemptExecution()) {
            final TryableSemaphore executionSemaphore = getExecutionSemaphore();
            final AtomicBoolean semaphoreHasBeenReleased = new AtomicBoolean(false);
            final Action0 singleSemaphoreRelease = new Action0() {

                public void call() {
                    if (semaphoreHasBeenReleased.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
                        executionSemaphore.release();
                    }
                }
            };
            final Action1 markExceptionThrown = new Action1() {

                public void call(Throwable t) {
                    eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.EXCEPTION_THROWN, commandKey);
                }
            };
            if (executionSemaphore.tryAcquire()) {
                try {

                    executionResult = executionResult.setInvocationStartTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
                    return executeCommandAndObserve(_cmd)
                            .doOnError(markExceptionThrown)
                            .doOnTerminate(singleSemaphoreRelease)
                            .doOnUnsubscribe(singleSemaphoreRelease);
                } catch (RuntimeException e) {
                    return Observable.error(e);
                }
            } else {
                return handleSemaphoreRejectionViaFallback();
            }
        } else {
            return handleShortCircuitViaFallback();
        }
    }
复制代码
  • applyHystrixSemantics方法针对executionSemaphore.tryAcquire()没通过的调用
  • handleSemaphoreRejectionViaFallback
  • applyHystrixSemantics方法针对circuitBreaker.attemptExecution()没通过的调用handleShortCircuitViaFallback()
ViaFallback方法
    private Observable handleSemaphoreRejectionViaFallback() {
        Exception semaphoreRejectionException = new RuntimeException("could not acquire a semaphore for execution");
        executionResult = executionResult.setExecutionException(semaphoreRejectionException);
        eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.SEMAPHORE_REJECTED, commandKey);
        logger.debug("HystrixCommand Execution Rejection by Semaphore.");

        return getFallbackOrThrowException(this, HystrixEventType.SEMAPHORE_REJECTED, FailureType.REJECTED_SEMAPHORE_EXECUTION,
                "could not acquire a semaphore for execution", semaphoreRejectionException);
    }

    private Observable handleShortCircuitViaFallback() {

        eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.SHORT_CIRCUITED, commandKey);

        Exception shortCircuitException = new RuntimeException("Hystrix circuit short-circuited and is OPEN");
        executionResult = executionResult.setExecutionException(shortCircuitException);
        try {
            return getFallbackOrThrowException(this, HystrixEventType.SHORT_CIRCUITED, FailureType.SHORTCIRCUIT,
                    "short-circuited", shortCircuitException);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return Observable.error(e);
        }
    }

    private Observable handleThreadPoolRejectionViaFallback(Exception underlying) {
        eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.THREAD_POOL_REJECTED, commandKey);
        threadPool.markThreadRejection();

        return getFallbackOrThrowException(this, HystrixEventType.THREAD_POOL_REJECTED, FailureType.REJECTED_THREAD_EXECUTION, "could not be queued for execution", underlying);
    }

    private Observable handleTimeoutViaFallback() {
        return getFallbackOrThrowException(this, HystrixEventType.TIMEOUT, FailureType.TIMEOUT, "timed-out", new TimeoutException());
    }

    private Observable handleFailureViaFallback(Exception underlying) {

        logger.debug("Error executing HystrixCommand.run(). Proceeding to fallback logic ...", underlying);

        eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.FAILURE, commandKey);

        executionResult = executionResult.setException(underlying);
        return getFallbackOrThrowException(this, HystrixEventType.FAILURE, FailureType.COMMAND_EXCEPTION, "failed", underlying);
    }
复制代码
  • handleSemaphoreRejectionViaFallback、handleShortCircuitViaFallback、handleThreadPoolRejectionViaFallback、handleTimeoutViaFallback、handleFailureViaFallback这几个方法调用了getFallbackOrThrowException
  • 其eventType分别是SEMAPHORE_REJECTED、SHORT_CIRCUITED、THREAD_POOL_REJECTED、TIMEOUT、FAILURE
  • AbstractCommand.getFallbackOrThrowException

hystrix-core-1.5.12-sources.jar!/com/netflix/hystrix/AbstractCommand.java


    private Observable getFallbackOrThrowException(final AbstractCommand _cmd, final HystrixEventType eventType, final FailureType failureType, final String message, final Exception originalException) {
        final HystrixRequestContext requestContext = HystrixRequestContext.getContextForCurrentThread();
        long latency = System.currentTimeMillis() - executionResult.getStartTimestamp();

        executionResult = executionResult.addEvent((int) latency, eventType);

        if (isUnrecoverable(originalException)) {
            logger.error("Unrecoverable Error for HystrixCommand so will throw HystrixRuntimeException and not apply fallback. ", originalException);

            Exception e = wrapWithOnErrorHook(failureType, originalException);
            return Observable.error(new HystrixRuntimeException(failureType, this.getClass(), getLogMessagePrefix() + " " + message + " and encountered unrecoverable error.", e, null));
        } else {
            if (isRecoverableError(originalException)) {
                logger.warn("Recovered from java.lang.Error by serving Hystrix fallback", originalException);
            }

            if (properties.fallbackEnabled().get()) {

                final Action1super R>> setRequestContext = new Action1super R>>() {

                    public void call(Notificationsuper R> rNotification) {
                        setRequestContextIfNeeded(requestContext);
                    }
                };

                final Action1 markFallbackEmit = new Action1() {

                    public void call(R r) {
                        if (shouldOutputOnNextEvents()) {
                            executionResult = executionResult.addEvent(HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_EMIT);
                            eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_EMIT, commandKey);
                        }
                    }
                };
                final Action0 markFallbackCompleted = new Action0() {

                    public void call() {
                        long latency = System.currentTimeMillis() - executionResult.getStartTimestamp();
                        eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_SUCCESS, commandKey);
                        executionResult = executionResult.addEvent((int) latency,
						HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_SUCCESS);
                    }
                };
                final Func1> handleFallbackError = new Func1>() {

                    public Observable call(Throwable t) {

                        Exception e = wrapWithOnErrorHook(failureType, originalException);
                        Exception fe = getExceptionFromThrowable(t);

                        long latency = System.currentTimeMillis() - executionResult.getStartTimestamp();
                        Exception toEmit;

                        if (fe instanceof UnsupportedOperationException) {
                            logger.debug("No fallback for HystrixCommand. ", fe);
                            eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_MISSING, commandKey);
                            executionResult = executionResult.addEvent((int) latency, HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_MISSING);

                            toEmit = new HystrixRuntimeException(failureType, _cmd.getClass(), getLogMessagePrefix() + " " + message + " and no fallback available.", e, fe);
                        } else {
                            logger.debug("HystrixCommand execution " + failureType.name() + " and fallback failed.", fe);
                            eventNotifier.markEvent(HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_FAILURE, commandKey);
                            executionResult = executionResult.addEvent((int) latency, HystrixEventType.FALLBACK_FAILURE);

                            toEmit = new HystrixRuntimeException(failureType, _cmd.getClass(), getLogMessagePrefix() + " " + message + " and fallback failed.", e, fe);
                        }

                        if (shouldNotBeWrapped(originalException)) {
                            return Observable.error(e);
                        }

                        return Observable.error(toEmit);
                    }
                };

                final TryableSemaphore fallbackSemaphore = getFallbackSemaphore();
                final AtomicBoolean semaphoreHasBeenReleased = new AtomicBoolean(false);
                final Action0 singleSemaphoreRelease = new Action0() {

                    public void call() {
                        if (semaphoreHasBeenReleased.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
                            fallbackSemaphore.release();
                        }
                    }
                };

                Observable fallbackExecutionChain;

                if (fallbackSemaphore.tryAcquire()) {
                    try {
                        if (isFallbackUserDefined()) {
                            executionHook.onFallbackStart(this);
                            fallbackExecutionChain = getFallbackObservable();
                        } else {

                            fallbackExecutionChain = getFallbackObservable();
                        }
                    } catch (Throwable ex) {

                        fallbackExecutionChain = Observable.error(ex);
                    }

                    return fallbackExecutionChain
                            .doOnEach(setRequestContext)
                            .lift(new FallbackHookApplication(_cmd))
                            .lift(new DeprecatedOnFallbackHookApplication(_cmd))
                            .doOnNext(markFallbackEmit)
                            .doOnCompleted(markFallbackCompleted)
                            .onErrorResumeNext(handleFallbackError)
                            .doOnTerminate(singleSemaphoreRelease)
                            .doOnUnsubscribe(singleSemaphoreRelease);
                } else {
                   return handleFallbackRejectionByEmittingError();
                }
            } else {
                return handleFallbackDisabledByEmittingError(originalException, failureType, message);
            }
        }
    }
复制代码
  • fallbackExecutionChain的onErrorResumeNext,调用了handleFallbackError
  • fallbackExecutionChain的doOnCompleted,调用了markFallbackCompleted
  • AbstractCommand.getFallbackSemaphore

hystrix-core-1.5.12-sources.jar!/com/netflix/hystrix/AbstractCommand.java


    protected TryableSemaphore getFallbackSemaphore() {
        if (fallbackSemaphoreOverride == null) {
            TryableSemaphore _s = fallbackSemaphorePerCircuit.get(commandKey.name());
            if (_s == null) {

                fallbackSemaphorePerCircuit.putIfAbsent(commandKey.name(), new TryableSemaphoreActual(properties.fallbackIsolationSemaphoreMaxConcurrentRequests()));

                return fallbackSemaphorePerCircuit.get(commandKey.name());
            } else {
                return _s;
            }
        } else {
            return fallbackSemaphoreOverride;
        }
    }
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针对每个commandKey获取或创建TryableSemaphoreActual

fallback源码分析小结

hystrix的fallback主要分为5种类型:

  • SEMAPHORE_REJECTED对应handleSemaphoreRejectionViaFallback
  • SHORT_CIRCUITED对应handleShortCircuitViaFallback
  • THREAD_POOL_REJECTED对应handleThreadPoolRejectionViaFallback
  • TIMEOUT对应handleTimeoutViaFallback
  • FAILURE对应handleFailureViaFallback
  • 这几个方法最后都调用了getFallbackOrThrowException方法。

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