断点续传是一种可以在文件传输过程中出现断电、网络故障等情况时，能够保证传输内容不会全部丢失，而是可以从已传输的位置继续传输的机制。在文件传输较大、较复杂的情况下，使用断点续传可以提高传输质量、稳定性和效率。
在C#中，可以使用HTTP协议的Range头部域来实现断点续传。使用HTTP Range头部域，可以控制取哪个字节范围内的字节。具体实现方法，在HTTP请求头中填写Range头部信息，指明下载区间：
Range: bytes=[start]-[end]
start和end的值为0和文件大小减1，表示下载全部数据；若要实现断点续传，则start的值为当前已下载的数据大小，end的值不变。
在本篇文章中，我们将详细介绍如何使用C#实现HTTP协议的断点续传功能，并提供了完整的代码示例。
实现步骤
C#实现断点续传功能的步骤，简要描述如下：
1.定义HTTP请求，并填写Range头部信息，指明下载区间信息。
2.执行HTTP请求，接收服务端返回的字节流，并将流写入本地文件。
3.检查最终下载文件的大小，与服务端的文件大小是否一致，若不一致则下载失败。
4.上传文件时，同样需制定Range信息，然后发送PUT请求进行上传。
代码实现
我们将使用HttpClient来执行请求，使用FileStream来读写文件。下面是代码实现的详细过程。
1.下载文件
下载文件时，首先需要判断本地是否已经存在相同的文件，如果存在，则需要计算出当前已下载数据的大小（即起始位置startPosition），否则从头开始下载。
下载时，需要在HTTP请求头中填写Range头部信息，指明下载区间。同时，需要注意控制下载缓冲区大小，以避免内存不足的情况。
最后，需要检查下载完成后文件的大小是否与服务端的文件大小一致，若不一致，则下载失败。
代码示例：
private static async Task DownloadFileAsync(Uri uri, string filename, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
{
long startPosition;
var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filename);
if (fileInfo.Exists)
{
startPosition = fileInfo.Length;
if (startPosition == uri.GetFileSize())
{
Console.WriteLine($"The file '{filename}' has already been downloaded.");
return;
}
}
else
{
startPosition = 0;
}
using var fs = new FileStream(filename, startPosition == 0 ? FileMode.Create : FileMode.Append);
var rangeHeader = new RangeHeaderValue(startPosition, null);
var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, uri);
request.Headers.Range = rangeHeader;
using var response = await HttpClient.SendAsync(request, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, cancellationToken);
var contentLength = response.Content.Headers.ContentLength;
if (!contentLength.HasValue)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("The server did not provide the content length.");
}
var totalSize = contentLength.Value + startPosition;
using var stream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(cancellationToken);
await stream.CopyToAsync(fs);
if (fs.Length != totalSize)
{
fileInfo.Refresh();
if (fileInfo.Length < totalSize)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException($"The file '{filename}' was not downloaded correctly.");
}
}
Console.WriteLine($"The file '{filename}' has been downloaded.");
}
2.上传文件
上传文件与下载文件相似，同样需要在HTTP请求头中填写Range头部信息，以限制上传的范围。同时，需要指定Content-Type，以明确上传数据的类型。
上传文件需要注意的一点是，如果文件较大，则需要分多次上传。可以将文件分割成多个大小相同的片段，逐个上传，确保操作的稳定性和效率。
上传完成后，会收到服务端的响应。如果响应码为2xx，则表示上传成功；否则，表示上传失败。
代码示例：
public static async Task UploadFileAsync(Uri uri, string filename, int bufferSize = 4096, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
{
long startPosition;
var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filename);
if (fileInfo.Exists)
{
startPosition = fileInfo.Length;
}
else
{
throw new FileNotFoundException("The file was not found.", filename);
}
using var fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Open);
var rangeHeader = new RangeHeaderValue(startPosition, fs.Length - 1);
var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Put, uri);
request.Headers.Range = rangeHeader;
request.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream");
var content = new StreamContent(fs, bufferSize);
request.Content = content;
using var response = await HttpClient.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var responseMessage = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to upload file: {response.StatusCode} {responseMessage}");
}
Console.WriteLine($"The file '{filename}' has been uploaded.");
}
完整代码
上述代码仅为示例，仍然需要加入部分边界检查、异常处理等逻辑，以保证代码的健壮性。下面是完整的实现代码，包含了断点续传功能的完整实现。
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp
{
internal static class Program
{
private static readonly HttpClient HttpClient = new HttpClient();
private static async Task Main(string[] args)
{
var uri = new Uri("https://download.visualstudio.microsoft.com/download/pr/26246709-5c10-4383-ad1a-f22f3e8e5e15/23e2d41d2e57b81fc0f9c72068994e70/vc_redist.x64.exe");
var filename = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "vc_redist.x64.exe");
Console.WriteLine("Start downloading the file...");
try
{
await DownloadFileAsync(uri, filename, CancellationToken.None);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Failed to download the file: {ex.Message}");
return;
}
Console.WriteLine("\nStart uploading the file...\n");
try
{
await UploadFileAsync(uri, filename, 4096, CancellationToken.None);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Failed to upload the file: {ex.Message}");
return;
}
Console.WriteLine("Done.");
}
private static async Task DownloadFileAsync(Uri uri, string filename, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
{
long startPosition;
var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filename);
if (fileInfo.Exists)
{
startPosition = fileInfo.Length;
if (startPosition == uri.GetFileSize())
{
Console.WriteLine($"The file '{filename}' has already been downloaded.");
return;
}
}
else
{
startPosition = 0;
}
using var fs = new FileStream(filename, startPosition == 0 ? FileMode.Create : FileMode.Append);
var rangeHeader = new RangeHeaderValue(startPosition, null);
var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, uri);
request.Headers.Range = rangeHeader;
using var response = await HttpClient.SendAsync(request, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, cancellationToken);
var contentLength = response.Content.Headers.ContentLength;
if (!contentLength.HasValue)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("The server did not provide the content length.");
}
var totalSize = contentLength.Value + startPosition;
using var stream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(cancellationToken);
await stream.CopyToAsync(fs);
if (fs.Length != totalSize)
{
fileInfo.Refresh();
if (fileInfo.Length < totalSize)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException($"The file '{filename}' was not downloaded correctly.");
}
}
Console.WriteLine($"The file '{filename}' has been downloaded.");
}
public static async Task UploadFileAsync(Uri uri, string filename, int bufferSize = 4096, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
{
long startPosition;
var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filename);
if (fileInfo.Exists)
{
startPosition = fileInfo.Length;
}
else
{
throw new FileNotFoundException("The file was not found.", filename);
}
using var fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Open);
var rangeHeader = new RangeHeaderValue(startPosition, fs.Length - 1);
var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Put, uri);
request.Headers.Range = rangeHeader;
request.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream");
var content = new StreamContent(fs, bufferSize);
request.Content = content;
using var response = await HttpClient.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);
if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var responseMessage = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to upload file: {response.StatusCode} {responseMessage}");
}
Console.WriteLine($"The file '{filename}' has been uploaded.");
}
}
public static class UriExtensions
{
public static long GetFileSize(this Uri uri)
{
using var client = new HttpClient();
using var response = client.Send(new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Head, uri));
var contentLength = response.Content.Headers.ContentLength;
if (!contentLength.HasValue)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("The server did not provide the content length.");
}
return contentLength.Value;
}
}
}
总结
断点续传功能可以在文件传输的过程中，提高传输质量和效率，确保数据传输的安全性和稳定性。在本文中，我们介绍了C#中实现HTTP协议断点续传的方法，并提供了完整的代码示例。希望读者通过本文的介绍，能够成功实现断点续传功能，并在实际工作中应用到相应的场景中去。
参考文章：http://blog.ncmem.com/wordpress/2023/11/11/c%e6%96%ad%e7%82%b9%e7%bb%ad%e4%bc%a0%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%9e%e7%8e%b0%e7%a4%ba%e4%be%8b/
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