实验六、模板类，文件I/O流，异常处理

//

#pragma once
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>

using namespace std;

template <typename T>
class Vector {
private:
    T* data;
    int size;

public:
    Vector(int sz = 0, const T& value = T());
    Vector(const Vector& other);
    ~Vector();

    int get_size() const;

    T& at(int index);

    T& operator[](int index);

    template <typename T1>
    friend void output(const Vector<T1>& v);
};

template <typename T>
Vector<T>::Vector(int sz, const T& value) : size(sz) {
    data = new T[size];
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        data[i] = value;
    }
}

template <typename T>
Vector<T>::Vector(const Vector& other) : size(other.size) {
    data = new T[size];
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        data[i] = other.data[i];
    }
}

template <typename T>
Vector<T>::~Vector() {
    delete[] data;
}

template <typename T>
int Vector<T>::get_size() const {
    return size;
}

template <typename T>
T& Vector<T>::at(int index) {
    if (index >= size) {
        throw std::out_of_range("Index out of range");
    }
    return data[index];
}

template <typename T>
T& Vector<T>::operator[](int index) {
    if (index >= size) {
        throw out_of_range("Index out of range");
    }
    return data[index];
}

template <typename T1>
void output(const Vector<T1>& v) {
    for (int i = 0; i < v.size; ++i) {
        cout << v.data[i] << ",";
    }

    cout << "\b \b" << endl;
}

#include <iostream>
#include "Vector.hpp"

void test() {
    using namespace std;

    int n;
    cin >> n;
    
    Vector<double> x1(n);
    for(auto i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        x1.at(i) = i * 0.7;

    output(x1);

    Vector<int> x2(n, 42);
    Vector<int> x3(x2);

    output(x2);
    output(x3);

    x2.at(0) = 77;
    output(x2);

    x3[0] = 999;
    output(x3);
}

int main() {
    test();
}

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;
void output(ostream& out) {
    for (int i = 0; i <= 26; ++i) {
        if (i == 0) {
            out << "   ";
            for (char ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ++ch) {
                out << ch << ' ';
            }
            out << endl;
            continue;
        }

        out << setw(2) << i << ' ';

        for (int j = 0; j < 26; ++j) {
            out << char('A' + (j + i) % 26) << ' ';
        }
        out << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    output(cout);

    ofstream out("cipher_key.txt");
    if (out) {
        output(out);
    }
    else if (!out.is_open()) {
        cout << "Fail to open the file." << endl;
    }

    out.close();

    return 0;
}