（一）、选题的背景
为什么要选择此选题？要达到的数据分析目标是什么？从社会、经济、技术、数据来源等方面进行描述（200 字以内）（10 分）
经济蓬勃发展的世纪，财经新闻报道了国内外的经济数据、政策、企业动态等信息，这些信息对我们了解宏观经济的形势非常重要。通过财经新闻，我们可以了解到国家的宏观经济政策、政府的改革措施、重大行业的发展趋势和变化等，这些信息对我们在投资、创业、就业等方面都有着重要的指导作用。股市、基金、外汇、债券等金融市场的动态以及各个行业实时变化，一旦发生，就可以采取一定措施挽回损失。所以及时了解股市、基金、外汇、债券等金融市场的动态,给财经人提供借鉴，为日常的投资和就业方面以参考。
（二）、大数据分析设计方案
爬取东方财经的上单支股票的单位净值，合并，累计净值，随机抽取15个数据进行分析生成随机号码，解析生成4张解析图。
（三）数据分析步骤
数据集来源：http://fund.eastmoney.com/fund.html http://fund.eastmoney.com/HBJJ_pjsyl.html
实现思路：对数据集进行分析→进行数据清洗→根据所需内容对数据进行可视化→得到图像并分析结果
具体步骤
（1）初始化
（2）随机拿取数据
（3）解析数据
（4）遍历数据
（5）随机抽取分析数据生成表格
（6）完整的代码
"""ua大列表"""
USER_AGENT_LIST = [
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.aef; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.90 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_13_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3451.0 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:57.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/57.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.71 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.2999.0 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.70 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.4; en-US; rv:1.9.aef.aef) Gecko/20100316 Firefox/3.6.aef',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.155 Safari/537.36 OPR/31.0.1889.174',
'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR aef.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; MS-RTC LM 8; InfoPath.aef; Tablet PC aef.0)',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/68.0.3440.106 Safari/537.36 OPR/55.0.2994.61',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/14.0.814.0 Safari/535.1',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; ja-jp) AppleWebKit/418.9.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/419.3',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/43.0.2357.134 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/6.0; Touch; MASMJS)',
'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686) AppleWebKit/535.21 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1041.0 Safari/535.21',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.aef; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.90 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_13_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3451.0 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:57.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/57.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.71 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.2999.0 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.70 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10.4; en-US; rv:1.9.aef.aef) Gecko/20100316 Firefox/3.6.aef',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.155 Safari/537.36 OPR/31.0.1889.174',
'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR aef.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; MS-RTC LM 8; InfoPath.aef; Tablet PC aef.0)',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/68.0.3440.106 Safari/537.36 OPR/55.0.2994.61',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/14.0.814.0 Safari/535.1',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; ja-jp) AppleWebKit/418.9.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/419.3',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/43.0.2357.134 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/6.0; Touch; MASMJS)',
'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686) AppleWebKit/535.21 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1041.0 Safari/535.21',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4093.3 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; Swurl) Chrome/77.0.3865.120 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.131 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4086.0 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:75.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/75.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) coc_coc_browser/91.0.146 Chrome/85.0.4183.146 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.aef; en-US) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/537.36 VivoBrowser/8.4.72.0 Chrome/62.0.3202.84',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.101 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36 Edg/87.0.664.60',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.16; rv:83.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/83.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS x86_64 13505.63.0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:68.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/68.0',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.101 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/86.0.4240.198 Safari/537.36 OPR/72.0.3815.400',
'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.101 Safari/537.36',
]
from requests_html import HTMLSession
import os, xlwt, xlrd, random
from xlutils.copy import copy
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties # 字体库
from lxml import etree
session = HTMLSession()
class DFSpider(object):
def __init__(self):
# 起始的请求地址----初始化
self.start_url = 'http://fund.eastmoney.com/fund.html'
# 第二份数据地址
self.next_url = 'http://fund.eastmoney.com/HBJJ_pjsyl.html'
def parse_start_url(self):
"""
发送请求，获取响应
:return:
"""
# 请求头
headers = {
# 通过随机模块提供的随机拿取数据方法
'User-Agent': random.choice(USER_AGENT_LIST)
}
# 发送请求，获取响应字节数据
response = session.get(self.start_url, headers=headers).content
"""序列化对象，将字节内容数据，经过转换，变成可进行xpath操作的对象"""
response = etree.HTML(response)
"""调用提取第二份响应数据"""
self.parse_next_url_response(response)
def parse_next_url_response(self, response_1):
"""
解析第二个数据页地址
:return:
"""
# 请求头
headers = {
# 通过随机模块提供的随机拿取数据方法
'User-Agent': random.choice(USER_AGENT_LIST)
}
# 发送请求，获取响应字节数据
response = session.get(self.start_url, headers=headers).content
"""序列化对象，将字节内容数据，经过转换，变成可进行xpath操作的对象"""
response = etree.HTML(response)
"""调用解析response响应数据方法"""
self.parse_response_data(response, response_1)
def parse_response_data(self, response_1, response):
"""
解析response响应数据，提取
:return:
"""
# 股票名称
name_list_1 = response.xpath('//tbody/tr/td[5]/nobr/a[1]/text()')
name_list_2 = response_1.xpath('//tbody/tr/td[5]/nobr/a[1]/text()')
# 合并
name_list = name_list_1 + name_list_2
# 昨日单位净值
num_1_list_data_1 = response.xpath('//tbody/tr/td[6]/text()')
num_1_list_data_2 = response_1.xpath('//tr/td[6]/span/text()')
# 合并
num_1_list = num_1_list_data_1 + num_1_list_data_2
# 昨日累计净值
num_2_list_data_1 = response.xpath('//tbody/tr/td[7]/text()')
num_2_list_data_2 = response_1.xpath('//tr/td[7]/text()')
# 合并
num_2_list = num_2_list_data_1 + num_2_list_data_2
"""调用解析三个列表的方法"""
self.for_parse_three_list(name_list, num_1_list, num_2_list)
def for_parse_three_list(self, name_list, num_1_list, num_2_list):
"""
解析循环，
:param name_list: 股票名称
:param num_1_list: 昨日单位净值
:param num_2_list: 昨日累计净值
:return:
"""
# 遍历解析3个列表数据
for a, b, c in zip(name_list, num_1_list, num_2_list):
# 构造保存的excel字典数据
dict_data = {
# 会根据该字典的key值创建工作簿的sheet名
'股票数据': [a, b, c]
}
"""调用解析保存excel表格方法"""
self.parse_save_excel(dict_data)
print(f'企业：{a}----采集完成！')
"""数据采集完成，调用分析生成图像方法"""
self.parse_random_data(name_list, num_1_list, num_2_list)
def parse_random_data(self, name_list, num_1_list, num_2_list):
"""
随机抽取15条数据，进行分析
:return:
"""
# 存放随机号码的列表
index_list = []
for i in range(15):
# 随机抽取15个数据进行分析
random_num = random.randint(0, 200)
# 将随机抽取的号码添加进入准备的列表中
index_list.append(random_num)
"""随机号码生成以后，调用解析生成四张分析图的方法"""
self.parse_img_four_func(index_list, name_list, num_1_list, num_2_list)
def parse_img_four_func(self, index_list, name_list, num_1_list, num_2_list):
"""
解析生成四张分析图
:param index_list: 随机数据的下标
:param name_list: 股票名称列表
:param num_1_list: 昨日单位净值列表
:param num_2_list: 昨日累计净值列表
:return:
"""
title_list = [] # 名称
qy_num_1 = [] # 单位净值
qy_num_2 = [] # 累计净值
for index_num in index_list:
# 企业名称列表
title_list.append(name_list[index_num])
# 昨日单位净值列表
qy_num_1.append(num_1_list[index_num])
# 昨日累计净值列表
qy_num_2.append(num_2_list[index_num])
# 第一张图：根据净值生成折线图
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
# plot中参数的含义分别是横轴值，纵轴值，线的形状，颜色，透明度,线的宽度和标签
plt.plot(title_list, qy_num_2, 'ro-', color='#4169E1', alpha=0.8, linewidth=1, label='累计净值')
plt.plot(title_list, qy_num_1, 'ro-', color='#69e141', alpha=0.8, linewidth=1, label='单位净值')
# 显示标签，如果不加这句，即使在plot中加了label='一些数字'的参数，最终还是不会显示标签
plt.legend(loc="upper right")
plt.xticks(rotation=270)
plt.xlabel('地点数量')
plt.ylabel('工作属性数量')
plt.savefig('根据净值生成折线图.png')
plt.show()
# 第二张图：根据单位净值生成饼图
addr_dict_key = title_list
addr_dict_value = qy_num_1
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Microsoft YaHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
plt.pie(addr_dict_value, labels=addr_dict_key, autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.title(f'单位净值对比')
plt.savefig(f'单位净值对比-饼图')
plt.show()
# 第三张图：根据累计净值生成散点图
# 这两行代码解决 plt 中文显示的问题
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
# 输入岗位地址和岗位属性数据
production = title_list
tem = qy_num_2
colors = np.random.rand(len(tem)) # 颜色数组
plt.scatter(tem, production, s=200, c=colors) # 画散点图，大小为 200
plt.xlabel('数量') # 横坐标轴标题
plt.xticks(rotation=270)
plt.ylabel('名称') # 纵坐标轴标题
plt.savefig(f'净值散点图.png')
plt.show()
# 第四张图：根据净值生成柱状图
import matplotlib;matplotlib.use('TkAgg')
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
zhfont1 = matplotlib.font_manager.FontProperties(fname='C:\Windows\Fonts\simsun.ttc')
name_list = title_list
num_list = [float(i) for i in qy_num_1] # 单位净值
width = 0.5 # 柱子的宽度
index = np.arange(len(name_list))
plt.bar(index, num_list, width, color='steelblue', tick_label=name_list, label='单位净值')
plt.bar(index + width, qy_num_2, width, color='red', hatch='\\', label='累计净值')
plt.legend(['单位净值', '累计净值'], prop=zhfont1, labelspacing=1)
for a, b in zip(index, num_list): # 柱子上的数字显示
plt.text(a, b, '%.2f' % b, ha='center', va='bottom', fontsize=7)
plt.xticks(rotation=270)
plt.title('净值柱状图')
plt.ylabel('率')
plt.legend()
plt.savefig(f'净值-柱状图', bbox_inches='tight')
plt.show()
def parse_save_excel(self, data_dict):
"""
保存数据
:return:
"""
# 判断保存数据的文件夹是否存在，不存在，就创建
os_path_1 = os.getcwd() + '/数据/'
if not os.path.exists(os_path_1):
os.mkdir(os_path_1)
os_path = os_path_1 + '股票数据.xls'
if not os.path.exists(os_path):
# 创建新的workbook（其实就是创建新的excel）
workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding='utf-8')
# 创建新的sheet表
worksheet1 = workbook.add_sheet("股票数据", cell_overwrite_ok=True)
excel_data_1 = ('股票名称', '昨日单位净值', '昨日累计净值')
for i in range(0, len(excel_data_1)):
worksheet1.col(i).width = 2560 * 3
# 行，列， 内容， 样式
worksheet1.write(0, i, excel_data_1[i])
workbook.save(os_path)
# 判断工作表是否存在
if os.path.exists(os_path):
# 打开工作薄
workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(os_path)
# 获取工作薄中所有表的个数
sheets = workbook.sheet_names()
for i in range(len(sheets)):
for name in data_dict.keys():
worksheet = workbook.sheet_by_name(sheets[i])
# 获取工作薄中所有表中的表名与数据名对比
if worksheet.name == name:
# 获取表中已存在的行数
rows_old = worksheet.nrows
# 将xlrd对象拷贝转化为xlwt对象
new_workbook = copy(workbook)
# 获取转化后的工作薄中的第i张表
new_worksheet = new_workbook.get_sheet(i)
for num in range(0, len(data_dict[name])):
new_worksheet.write(rows_old, num, data_dict[name][num])
new_workbook.save(os_path)
def run(self):
"""
启动方法
:return:
"""
self.parse_start_url()
if __name__ == '__main__':
d = DFSpider()
d.run()