图纸管理系统

一、初步构建后端项目

1、打开已经创建好的虚拟环境:激活activate（推荐使用虚拟环境）并创建项目

2、导入vs code中，项目环境大致如下：

需要将终端改成虚拟环境的解释器后，简单试运行：

3、创建子app（图纸管理系统模块）

由于我们把子项目都放在apps里面了（方便统一管理）所以注册要加入一段配置

4、创建数据库

一定要注意格式

5、设置Django连接数据库

（1）安装pymysql

pip install pymysql

（2）gveInformationSystem/settings中进行相关配置

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'StudentDB',
        'USER': 'root',
        'PASSWORD': '123456',
        'HOST': 'localhost',
        'PORT': '3306',
    }
}

（3）需要在init.py导入pymysql

6、创建数据库表内容

（在：apps/DrawingManagementSystem/models.py）

from django.db import models


# Create your models here.
# === 图纸管理系统 models
# 传感器分类--sensor， 项目--project， 资料-data， 图纸信息-drawing

# 公有创建时间和修改时间
class TimestampMode(models.Model):
    """
    An abstract base class model that provides selfupdating ``created`` and ``modified`` fields.
    """
    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

    class Meta:
        abstract = True  # it's very important to add this line


# === 传感器类 --- Sensor：Id,name,created,modified
class Sensor(TimestampMode):
    sensor_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="传感器名称", max_length=50, unique=True, null=False, blank=False)

    # create_time = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now().replace(microsecond=0))

    class Meta:
        db_table = "Draw_Sensor"
        managed = True
        app_label = "DrawingManagementSystem"

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s" % (self.sensor_name)


# === 项目类 --- project：Id,name,created,modified
class Project(TimestampMode):
    project_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="项目名称", max_length=50, unique=True, null=False, blank=False)
    sensor = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属传感器", to=Sensor, on_delete=models.PROTECT)

    class Meta:
        db_table = "Draw_Project"
        managed = True
        app_label = "DrawingManagementSystem"

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s" % (self.project_name)


# === 资料类 --- data:ID,name,created,modified
class Data(TimestampMode):
    data_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="资料名称", max_length=50, unique=True, null=False, blank=False)
    sensor = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属传感器", to=Sensor, on_delete=models.PROTECT)
    project = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属项目", to=Project, on_delete=models.PROTECT)

    class Meta:
        db_table = "Draw_Data"
        managed = True
        app_label = "DrawingManagementSystem"

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s" % (self.data_name)


# === 图纸信息 --- drawing:ID(Material_code),drawing_name,created,modified,drawing_spec,drawing_page,drawing_client_id,drawing_remark,drawing_version
class Drawing(TimestampMode):
    material_code = models.CharField(verbose_name="物料编号", max_length=50, blank=False)
    sensor = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属传感器", to=Sensor, on_delete=models.PROTECT)
    project = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属项目", to=Project, on_delete=models.PROTECT)
    data = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name="所属资料", to=Data, on_delete=models.PROTECT)
    drawing_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="材料名称", max_length=50, blank=False)
    drawing_spec = models.CharField(verbose_name="规格/图纸号", max_length=50, blank=False)
    drawing_page = models.CharField(verbose_name="图纸页数", max_length=50, blank=False)
    drawing_client_id = models.CharField(verbose_name="客户编号", max_length=50)
    drawing_version = models.CharField(verbose_name="版本号", max_length=50, blank=False)
    drawing_remark = models.CharField(verbose_name="备注", max_length=100)
    drawing_url = models.CharField(verbose_name="地址", max_length=100)
    is_deleted = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="逻辑删除0否1是", max_length=10, blank=False, default=0)

    class Meta:
        db_table = "Draw_Drawing"
        managed = True
        app_label = "DrawingManagementSystem"

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s" % (self.drawing_name)

（1）用指令生成数据库

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

完成后代码如下：

7、DRF接口（初步）

（1）DRF的安装和快速实现

安装DjangoRestFramework包

pip install djangorestframework==3.13.0

在settings中导入

序列化:负责对象和json格式的相互转换

​ a获取数据：对象-->Json返回给前端

​ b添加、修改：json-->对象 存储在数据库中

视图：实现后台功能的核心

​ 早期：视图是基于函数--FBV

​ DRF：视图基于类--CBV

路由：路由的匹配

（2）序列化

创建DrawingManagementSystem\serializer.py文件

from rest_framework import serializers
from DrawingManagementSystem.models import Sensor, Project, Data, Drawing


# ----Sensor序列化类----
class SensorSerialzer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Sensor
        fields = "__all__"

# ____Project序列化类____
class ProjectSerialzer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Project
        fields = "__all__"

# ____Data序列化类____
class DataSerialzer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Data
        fields = "__all__"

# ____Drawing序列化类____
class DrawingSerialzer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Drawing
        fields = "__all__"

（3）编写view.py代码（apps\DrawingManagementSystem\views.py）

# ====== 导入模块 ======
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet  # 封装完成的ModelViewset视图集
from DrawingManagementSystem.models import Sensor, Project, Data, Drawing  # 具体的类
from DrawingManagementSystem.serializer import SensorSerialzer, ProjectSerialzer, DataSerialzer, DrawingSerialzer # 序列化类

# ---Sensor视图---
class SensorViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Sensor.objects.all()
    serializer_class = SensorSerialzer

# ---Project---
class ProjectViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Project.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ProjectSerialzer

# ---Data视图---
class DataViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Data.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DataSerialzer

# ---Sensor视图---
class DrawingViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Drawing.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DrawingSerialzer

（4）编写urls.py代码（apps\DrawingManagementSystem\urls.py）

# ======导入模块======
from django.urls import path
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
from DrawingManagementSystem.views import SensorViewSet, ProjectViewSet, DataViewSet, DrawingViewSet

# ====1.实例化一个 DefaultRouter====
router = DefaultRouter()

# ====2.注册相应的url====
# 注册Sensor对象
router.register('Sensors', SensorViewSet, basename='Sensors') # http://127.0.0.1:8080/DrawingApi/v1/Sensors/
# 注册Sensor对象
router.register('Projects', ProjectViewSet, basename='Projects') # http://127.0.0.1:8080/DrawingApi/v1/Projects/
# 注册Sensor对象
router.register('Datas', DataViewSet, basename='Datas') # http://127.0.0.1:8080/DrawingApi/v1/Datas/
# 注册Sensor对象
router.register('Drawings', DrawingViewSet, basename='Drawings') # http://127.0.0.1:8080/DrawingApi/v1/Drawings/

urlpatterns = [

]

# ====3.附加到urlpatterns集合中====
urlpatterns += router.urls

编写总urls.py代码（gveInformationSystemBE\urls.py）

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('DrawingApi/v1/',include('DrawingManagementSystem.urls')),
]

编写后运行django项目

python manage.py runserver

浏览器输入：http://127.0.0.1:8000/DrawingApi/v1/

可以看到界面如下：

说明简单后端接口已经完成，可以简单测试下：

发现存入的时间是北美市区，将gveInformationSystemBE\settings.py中的USE_TZ = True改为：USE_TZ = False

发现存入的时间是带毫秒：参考解决方法为

或者直接在数据库软件中

可以避免存入毫秒的问题

8、DRF进阶（增删改接口、筛选、搜索、分页）

其实在网址后面加上id，就可以进行数据的删除修改

（1）DRF的筛选

步骤为：

安装：pip install django-filter

pip install django-filter==21.1

注册到installed_apps中

完成filter的筛选类

在apps\DrawingManagementSystem新建filter.py

# =====导入模块=====
from django_filters import FilterSet
from DrawingManagementSystem.models import Sensor, Project, Data, Drawing


# ---Sensor的Filter类---
class SensorFilter(FilterSet):
    class Meta:
        model = Sensor
        fields = ('sensor_name',) # 传感器名称


# ---Project的Filter类---
class ProjectFilter(FilterSet):
    class Meta:
        model = Project
        fields = ('project_name', 'sensor') # 项目名称 所属传感器


# ---Data的Filter类---
class DataFilter(FilterSet):
    class Meta:
        model = Data
        fields = ('data_name', 'sensor', 'project') # 资料名称 所属传感器 所属项目


# ---Drawing的Filter类---
class DrawingFilter(FilterSet):
    class Meta:
        model = Drawing
        fields = ('drawing_name', 'material_code', 'drawing_spec', 'drawing_client_id')  # 材料名称、物料编号、规格/图纸号、客户编号

在viewset中添加筛选类

# ====== 导入模块 ======
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet  # 封装完成的ModelViewset视图集
from DrawingManagementSystem.models import Sensor, Project, Data, Drawing  # 具体的类
from DrawingManagementSystem.serializer import SensorSerialzer, ProjectSerialzer, DataSerialzer, \
    DrawingSerialzer  # 序列化类
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend  # 实现筛选的后台模块
from DrawingManagementSystem.filter import SensorFilter, ProjectFilter, DataFilter, DrawingFilter


# ---Sensor视图---
class SensorViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Sensor.objects.all()
    serializer_class = SensorSerialzer
    # 设定筛选的后台
    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)
    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = SensorFilter

# ---Project---
class ProjectViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Project.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ProjectSerialzer
    # 设定筛选的后台
    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)
    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = ProjectFilter


# ---Data视图---
class DataViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Data.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DataSerialzer
    # 设定筛选的后台
    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)
    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = DataFilter


# ---Sensor视图---
class DrawingViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Drawing.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DrawingSerialzer
    # 设定筛选的后台
    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)
    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = DrawingFilter

效果如下：

（2）筛选优化——模糊匹配

# =====导入模块=====
from django_filters import FilterSet,filters
from DrawingManagementSystem.models import Sensor, Project, Data, Drawing


# ---Sensor的Filter类---
class SensorFilter(FilterSet):
    # 重新需要支持模糊匹配的字段
    sensor_name = filters.CharFilter(field_name='sensor_name',lookup_expr="icontains")
    class Meta:
        model = Sensor
        fields = ('sensor_name',) # 传感器名称


# ---Project的Filter类---
class ProjectFilter(FilterSet):
    # 重新需要支持模糊匹配的字段
    project_name = filters.CharFilter(field_name='project_name', lookup_expr="icontains")
    class Meta:
        model = Project
        fields = ('project_name', 'sensor') # 项目名称 所属传感器


# ---Data的Filter类---
class DataFilter(FilterSet):
    # 重新需要支持模糊匹配的字段
    data_name = filters.CharFilter(field_name='data_name', lookup_expr="icontains")
    class Meta:
        model = Data
        fields = ('data_name', 'sensor', 'project') # 资料名称 所属传感器 所属项目


# ---Drawing的Filter类---
class DrawingFilter(FilterSet):
    # 重新需要支持模糊匹配的字段
    drawing_name = filters.CharFilter(field_name='drawing_name', lookup_expr="icontains")
    material_code = filters.CharFilter(field_name='material_code', lookup_expr="icontains")
    drawing_spec = filters.CharFilter(field_name='drawing_spec', lookup_expr="icontains")
    drawing_client_id = filters.CharFilter(field_name='drawing_client_id', lookup_expr="icontains")
    class Meta:
        model = Drawing
        fields = ('drawing_name', 'material_code', 'drawing_spec', 'drawing_client_id')  # 材料名称、物料编号、规格/图纸号、客户编号

（3）全局加入筛选后台

在gveInformationSystemBE\settings.py中加入

# ======= REST Framework全局设置 ===========
REST_FRAMEWORK = {

    # ==== 设置全局的Filter_Backends ====
    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': [
        'django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',
    ],


}

这样views.py中就不需要加入

# 设定筛选的后台
    filter_backends = (DjangoFilterBackend,)

修改后代码如下：

# ====== 导入模块 ======
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet  # 封装完成的ModelViewset视图集
from DrawingManagementSystem.models import Sensor, Project, Data, Drawing  # 具体的类
from DrawingManagementSystem.serializer import SensorSerialzer, ProjectSerialzer, DataSerialzer, \
    DrawingSerialzer  # 序列化类
from DrawingManagementSystem.filter import SensorFilter, ProjectFilter, DataFilter, DrawingFilter


# ---Sensor视图---
class SensorViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Sensor.objects.all()
    serializer_class = SensorSerialzer

    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = SensorFilter

# ---Project---
class ProjectViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Project.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ProjectSerialzer

    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = ProjectFilter


# ---Data视图---
class DataViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Data.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DataSerialzer

    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = DataFilter


# ---Sensor视图---
class DrawingViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Drawing.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DrawingSerialzer

    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = DrawingFilter

（4）加入搜索

筛选【filter】：一个值只能对应一个字段，需要django-filter

搜索【search】；一个值能对应多个字段，DRF自带

在gveInformationSystemBE\settings.py中加入'rest_framework.filters.SearchFilter',

# ======= REST Framework全局设置 ===========
REST_FRAMEWORK = {

    # ==== 设置全局的Filter_Backends ====
    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': [
        'django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',
        'rest_framework.filters.SearchFilter',

    ],


}

在apps\DrawingManagementSystem\views.py中加入需要搜索匹配的字段

# ---Sensor视图---
class DrawingViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Drawing.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DrawingSerialzer

    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = DrawingFilter
    # 指定查找匹配的字段
    search_fields = ('drawing_name', 'material_code', 'drawing_spec', 'drawing_client_id')

结果如下：

（5）加入分页

有2种，一种为全局

即在在gveInformationSystemBE\settings.py中加入

# ======= REST Framework全局设置 ===========
REST_FRAMEWORK = {

    # ==== 设置全局的Filter_Backends ====
    'DEFAULT_FILTER_BACKENDS': [
        'django_filters.rest_framework.DjangoFilterBackend',
        'rest_framework.filters.SearchFilter',

    ],
    # ===== 设置分页 ===============
    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
    'PAGE_SIZE': 10


}

还有一种为：按需分页

apps\DrawingManagementSystem下新建paginations.py

代码如下：

# ========== 导入 ===========
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination


class MyPageNumberPagination(PageNumberPagination):
    page_size = 5
    page_query_param = "page"
    page_size_query_param = 'size'
    max_page_size = 50

在apps\DrawingManagementSystem\views.py中加入：

from DrawingManagementSystem.paginations import MyPageNumberPagination
###
###
###
# ---Sensor视图---
class DrawingViewSet(ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Drawing.objects.all()
    serializer_class = DrawingSerialzer
    pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination

    # 指定筛选的类
    filter_class = DrawingFilter
    # 指定查找匹配的字段
    search_fields = ('drawing_name', 'material_code', 'drawing_spec', 'drawing_client_id')

效果如下：

9、添加Swagger文档

记得在setting中注册

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'DrawingManagementSystem',
    'rest_framework',
    'django_filters',
    'drf_yasg',
]

效果如下：

想要中文注释

效果如下：

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