China program
Comprehensively control pollutant emissions
(1) Pay close attention to the prevention and control of industrial pollution. Ban the "ten small" enterprises. Comprehensively investigate small industrial enterprises with low equipment and poor environmental protection facilities. Special rectification of key industries. The construction projects of the above-mentioned industries shall be replaced by the same or reduced amount of major pollutant emissions. Concentrate on the control of water pollution in industrial agglomeration areas. Strengthen pollution control in industrial agglomeration areas such as economic and technological development zones, high-tech industrial development zones, and export processing zones. Industrial wastewater in the agglomeration area must be pretreated to meet the requirements of centralized treatment before it can enter the centralized sewage treatment facility. New and upgraded industrial agglomeration areas should be planned and constructed simultaneously with pollution control facilities such as sewage and garbage centralized treatment.
(2) Strengthen the control of urban life pollution. Speed up the construction and renovation of urban sewage treatment facilities. The existing urban sewage treatment facilities should be renovated in accordance with local conditions.
Comprehensively strengthen the construction of supporting pipe networks. Strengthen the interception and collection of sewage in urban villages, old urban areas and urban-rural junctions. The existing combined drainage system should speed up the implementation of rain and sewage diversion transformation, and if it is difficult to transform, measures such as interception, storage and treatment should be adopted. The supporting pipe network of new sewage treatment facilities should be designed, constructed and put into operation simultaneously. Except for arid areas, the construction of new urban areas should implement the separation of rain and sewage, and the areas with conditions should promote the initial rainwater collection, treatment and resource utilization.
Promote sludge treatment and disposal. The sludge produced by sewage treatment facilities should be stabilized, harmless and recycled, and sludge that is not up to standard is prohibited from entering cultivated land. Illegal sludge dumping sites will be banned.
(3) Promote the prevention and control of pollution in agriculture and rural areas. Prevention and control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding. Scientifically delineate livestock and poultry breeding forbidden areas, and existing large-scale livestock and poultry farms (communities) should be built according to the needs of pollution prevention and control, supporting the construction of fecal sewage storage, treatment and utilization facilities. In areas with intensive free-range breeding, livestock and poultry manure and sewage should be collected separately and treated and utilized in a centralized manner.
Control of agricultural non-point source pollution. Formulate and implement a national comprehensive prevention and control plan for agricultural non-point source pollution. Promote the pilot experience of subsidies for the use of low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides, and carry out green prevention and control of crop diseases and pests. Implement soil testing and formula fertilization, and promote precision fertilization technology and machinery. Improve the standards and specifications for the construction of high-standard farmland and land development and consolidation, clarify environmental protection requirements, and meet relevant environmental protection requirements for new high-standard farmland. In sensitive areas and large and medium-sized irrigation areas, it is necessary to make use of existing ditches, ponds, cellars, etc., configure aquatic plant communities, grids, and permeable dams, and build ecological ditches, sewage purification ponds, surface runoff collection ponds, and other facilities to purify farmland drainage and surface runoff.
The Ganges River in India
1. Pollution status
India has always been the focus of attention of the people of the world. With the rise of self-media, more and more Chinese know about India's "clean and hygienic" meme, and everyone is also talking about India's water pollution problem.
Just in July of this year, Bhagwant Mann, the chief minister of the Indian state of Punjab, presented a tragicomedy to the public. During his inspection, he showed the public the results of the water treatment and drank a glass of water from Kali Bein. As a result, two days later, he was hospitalized with gastrointestinal problems.
The Ganges River is a major river in South Asia that flows through northern India and Bangladesh. With a total length of 2,525 kilometers and a basin area of 910,000 square kilometers, the Ganges River is one-third of India's land area, and it is also one of the top 20 rivers in the world in terms of river flow. The Ganges River Basin is the most inhabited river basin in the world, with more than 400 million people living here and a population density of more than 390 people per square kilometer.
If we compare, we will be surprised to find that the Ganges River has many similarities with the Yangtze River and the Yellow River in China. Traditionally, Chinese like to live near the water, and Indians are no exception. The Ganges is vital to the millions of people living in its basin, who depend on it for their necessities. Many ancient Chinese dynasties were founded in the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys, and many ancient Indian capitals and capitals were located along the Ganges. As a major Hindu country, several of India's Hindu-holed cities are located along the Ganges River, including Haldevwal and Varanasi.
2. Causes
Rome was not built in a day, and the pollution of the Ganges was not formed in a day. Ganges water pollution has the following main causes:
2.1 Increasing population density leads to poor disposal of human sewage and animal waste.
The Ganges River flows through 100 cities with a population of more than 100,000, 97 cities with a population of 5-100,000, and about 48 ordinary towns.
Most of the organic matter-rich wastewater in the Ganges comes from these populations.
Every day, the Hindu holy city of Varanasili in the Ganges valley alone discharges up to 2 million litres of sewage into the Ganges, causing fecal E. coli bacteria to multiply in the Ganges. According to the official standard, fecal E. coli levels should be less than 500/100 mL in water safe for bathing, but even before the Ganges River has even flowed through Varanasi, upstream tests have shown that fecal E. coli levels are 120 times the norm, i.e. 60,000/100 mL. As you can imagine, the increasingly horrific emissions of increasing population density will be devastating to the Ganges ecosystem.
2. 2Discharge of industrial waste.
Thanks to the establishment of a large number of industrial cities along the Ganges, such as Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, etc., countless tanneries, chemical factories, textile mills, wineries, slaughterhouses, and hospitals also flourished. These factories indiscriminately dump untreated waste into the Ganges, causing huge pollution. These industrial wastes pose a significant health hazard, accounting for about 12% of the total wastewater volume of the Ganges. Although the proportion of industrial wastewater is relatively low, it is usually toxic and non-biodegradable, causing great harm to people, animals and plants in the Ganges River basin. In addition to this, the increasing scarcity of water has become the most worrying problem for the Ganges. People in the Ganges basin are taking water from the Ganges for irrigation at will, and the water is lost faster than it can be replenished during the rainy season, resulting in a continuous decline in the amount of water in the Ganges.
2.3Safe water sources are scarce
The Indian Environmental and Biological Protection Association has issued a petition stating that 73 Indian cities have severely overdrawn groundwater, reducing the groundwater table from-16.35 meters in 1998 to-54.23 meters, reducing per capita water consumption by nearly 80 percent. In 2009, NASA compared 6,607 Indian towns over the past 30 years and concluded that 1,071 towns were seriously overdeveloped and 2,065 towns were overdeveloped. India's water resources department divides the country into four categories: "safe, semi-critical, critical and overexploited", of which the "safe" zones are located at the foot of the Himalayas. The ultimate pressure of a shortage of safe water is transferred to the Ganges, where the rich can rely on expensive filtration equipment and the poor can rely on local materials. As a result, the Ganges has not only become a place for local people to bathe and brush their teeth, but also takes into account daily needs such as washing rice, vegetables and clothes, thus further aggravates the pollution of the Ganges.
Feasibility and applicability
(Introduce how this measure can provide reference for other countries or regions to address environmental issues) China's comprehensive control of pollutant emissions for India provides the Ganges, they through the establishment of laws and regulations, strengthen supervision and law enforcement, promote scientific and technological innovation and strengthen international cooperation, effectively improve the environmental conditions of China, and these measures also apply to the Ganges. China's measures to comprehensively control pollutant emissions can be used for India's governance of the Ganges in the following aspects:
1. Establish strict laws and regulations: China has formulated a series of laws and regulations on environmental protection to clearly control and restrict the discharge of pollutants. India can learn from and formulate corresponding laws and regulations to strengthen the legal guarantee for the governance of the Ganges River. India, like China, is a populous country with great environmental pressure. It is even more necessary to establish a complete system to protect the ecological environment.
2. Strengthening supervision and law enforcement: China has severely cracked down on illegal emissions by strengthening environmental monitoring, establishing an environmental regulatory system and strengthening law enforcement. India can strengthen the supervision and law enforcement of the Ganges River basin, seriously deal with illegal emissions, increase the cost of illegal emissions, and enhance the effectiveness of governance.Industrial pollution is the weakness of every developing country, almost like a "dead knot" of existence, as is India. On the Banks of the Ganges city, for example, the size of the population of more than 200, there are 1.4 small factories, 145 large factories and more than 40 employees, officials declared that emissions can meet the factory has five, but the actual was hard face: standard three is five-star hotel, the other two is not involved in emissions of electronic assembly plant. In other words, none of the factories meet sewage standards, but all the daily sewage flows into the Ganges.
3. Promoting scientific and technological innovation and technology application: China pays attention to scientific and technological innovation in pollution control, and promotes the application of environment-friendly technologies, such as air pollution prevention and control equipment and clean energy. India could strengthen technological innovation and promote research and development and application of environmentally friendly technologies to reduce emissions from the Ganges River.
4. Strengthening international cooperation and experience exchange: China actively participates in international cooperation in environmental protection and shares experience, technology and policies with other countries. India can strengthen its cooperation with China and other countries, jointly promote the governance of the Ganges River, pool the wisdom and resources of all countries, learn from each other's experience, and achieve common development.
资料搜集：姚文豪 周陈宇
图片素材：徐戎睿
资料整理及上传：蔡晓昊