Local Policies in China and Light Pollution in Singapore-526互联

Our measures to combat light pollution can be described as drastic. The main causes of light pollution can be categorized as light-emitting diodes and tragedy of the commons. In this regard, Shanghai, as a typical area, gives the standard answer. The Shanghai Municipal Environmental Protection Regulations clearly states:

Article 64: outdoor lighting sources, the use of reflective materials on the exterior walls of buildings, should be consistent with the relevant provisions of the state and the city, standards and norms.

Article 65: The city strictly controls the use of reflective materials on the exterior walls of buildings. Reflective materials used in building facades, the ecological environment department shall, in accordance with the provisions of the organization of light reflection environmental impact demonstration, housing and urban-rural construction administration shall strengthen the use of reflective materials on the building facades of the supervision and management of the construction of reflective materials.

Road lighting, landscape lighting, as well as outdoor advertising, outdoor signboards and other settings of the lighting source do not meet the lighting limits and other requirements, the setter should be adjusted in a timely manner, to prevent the impact on the normal life of the surrounding residents and the safe operation of vehicles and ships. The city's housing and urban-rural construction, greening and cityscape administrative departments shall strengthen supervision and management in accordance with their duties.

The city's public security, transportation and other administrative departments in the process of construction of monitoring facilities, shall promote the application of micro-light, lightless technology, to prevent the monitoring of complementary light on the vehicle drivers and pedestrians caused by glare interference.

Article 66: In the residential area and its surrounding lighting sources, should take reasonable measures to control the light irradiation to the outside surface of the residential window brightness, illumination, etc..

Prohibit the installation of projected light, lasers and other landscape lighting directed at residential windows. On the Bund, the North Bund and small Lujiazui area to create light and shadow effects need to be projected, the city's greening and cityscape administration should be reasonable control of light projection time, open and close the time, and announced to the community.

Construction units for welding operations or night construction using lights, should take effective measures to shield the light, to avoid direct light on the residents' homes.

A country that also faces light pollution is Singapore. Many studies have shown that Singapore has the worst light pollution in the world. In Singapore, artificial lighting goes on all day long, and you can't look up at the sky without seeing stars. Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute (Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute) released a study in 2016 that ranked Singapore as the most light-polluted country in the world and mentioned that it is impossible to see the Milky Way anywhere in the country. Singapore's container terminals, airport, and Marina Bay Financial District (a trade, transportation, and financial center) are the biggest sources of light pollution. In response, Singapore:has modified its light sources to control light pollution and promote light sources that have a low impact on light pollution.

In view of this, Singapore can establish laws to replace and improve light sources that cause serious light pollution. Example.

While the LTA is switching to more energy-efficient LEDs, the use of these LEDs on the streets remains low as unshielded fixtures can cause skylight, glare or light trespass. By switching to shielded fixtures, light pollution can be significantly reduced.

Unshielded lighting fixtures are poorly designed where all or part of the bulb is visible, causing stray light to illuminate every other direction when not needed.

Shielded fixtures, on the other hand, have a solid opaque cap at the top where the bulb sits so that the bulb is not visible underneath the cap. In this way, it ensures that the light will only be directed to the ground where it is necessary, thus preventing skylight. Additionally, individuals will not be blinded by the glare emitted by the exposed bulb.

Organization of Relevant Materials

Rule of law measures to combat light pollution

Countries Also Facing Light Pollution: Singapore

Main Measures:Modification of light sources to control light pollution and promotion of light sources that have a low impact on light pollution.

Overview:Many studies have shown that Singapore is the most serious country in the world in terms of light pollution.

In Singapore, artificial lighting around the clock, look up at the sky and see no stars.

The Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute (Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute) released a study in 2016 that ranked Singapore as the worst country in the world for light pollution and mentioned that it is impossible to see the Milky Way from anywhere in the country. Singapore's container terminals, airport, and Marina Bay Financial District (a trade, transportation, and financial center) are the biggest sources of light pollution.

Causes.

1. Light Emitting Diodes

Light Emitting Diodes or LEDs are becoming increasingly popular and used worldwide. Compared to fluorescent lamps, LEDs are much more energy efficient and emit light at maximum brightness immediately when turned on without a warm-up delay. As a result, it was initially expected that cost savings would increase and energy consumption would decrease significantly as cities transitioned to LEDs.

However, studies have found that LED bulbs have instead led to an increase in light pollution over the years due to the Jevons paradox, also known as the rebound effect.

2. The Tragedy of the Commons

The tragedy of the commons is a situation where shared natural resources are over-consumed by individuals who use them without restriction, eventually leading to their destruction.

Relating this process to light pollution in Singapore, the shared natural resource is the dark sky. Businesses use light to promote their economic interests, for example, through the use of bright neon signage, decorations or light shows. They see little consequence in releasing light into the environment, as their impact seems minimal, and will therefore engage in activities that pollute the sky with light.

Relevant laws and regulations in China.

Regulations on Environmental Protection of Shanghai Municipality

Article 64: Outdoor lighting sources and the use of reflective materials on the exterior walls of buildings shall comply with the relevant national and municipal regulations and standards.

Road lighting, landscape lighting, as well as outdoor advertising, outdoor signboards and other settings of the lighting source does not meet the lighting limits and other requirements, the setter should be adjusted in a timely manner, to prevent the impact on the normal life of the surrounding residents and the safe operation of vehicles and ships. The city's housing and urban-rural construction, greening and cityscape administrative departments shall strengthen supervision and management in accordance with their duties.

Article 66: in the residential area and its surrounding lighting sources, should take reasonable measures to control the light irradiation to the outside surface of the residential window brightness, illumination, etc..

Prohibit the installation of projected light, lasers and other landscape lighting directed at residential windows. On the Bund, the North Bund and small Lujiazui area for the creation of light and shadow effects need to be projected, the city's greening and cityscape administration should be reasonable control of light projection time, open and close the time, and announced to the community.

Construction units for welding operations or night construction using lights, should take effective measures to shield the light, to avoid direct light on residential housing.

Application to Singapore.

Singapore can establish laws to replace and improve light sources that cause severe light pollution. Example.

Unshielded lighting fixtures are poorly designed where all or part of the bulb is visible, causing stray light to illuminate every other direction when not needed.

Some other specific rectification measures:
·Reduce the use of decorative lighting
·Use covered light bulbs facing down: These lights will help reduce the brightness of the sky and reduce the current level of light pollution faced by Singapore.
·Using automatic street lights: Automatic timers and systems can turn off street and highway lights when not needed to promote natural lighting. They can be pre-set to automatically turn off when the environment is naturally bright.
·Non glare lighting for vehicles driving at night
·All outdoor lights with glare should be replaced with low glare alternatives: there are many alternatives on the market that offer sky friendly outdoor lighting. For municipal authorities, real estate contractors, and individual homeowners, it is important to choose certified low glare lighting fixtures to ensure low pollution lighting.
·The use of motion sensors on important outdoor lights: Motion sensors will only turn on the lights when motion is detected, thereby reducing overall power costs and reducing light pollution at night.

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